Autoregulatory shift from fructolysis to lactate gluconeogenisis in rat hepatocyte suspensions. The problem of metabolic zonation of liver parenchyma.
Hepatocytes were isolated from fed rats with glucose and insulin and freom fasted rats with glucagon in all media in an attempt to obtain cells which might be fixed preferentially in either the glycolytic or gluconeogenic state. When tested enzymatically, both "fed" and fasted" cells catalyzed glucose formation from lactate (gluconeogenesis) and lactate formation from fructose (fructolysis); lactate formation from glucose may have occurred in "fed" cells. Thus it was impossible, at least in the C3 part of the metabolic pathways between triosephosphate and pyruvate, to fix the hepatocytes in either metabolic state. The shift from glycolysis to gluconeogenesis could be investigated for the C3 part in "fasted" cells with fructose as the glycolytic and lactate as the gluconeogenic substrate. Lactate was first formed from fructose and later reutilized to a large extent. This reconsumption was blocked by the gluconeogenesis inhibitor quinolinate, both when tested enzymatically and radiochemically. Thus fructolysis was shifted to lactate gluconeogenesis. This shift at the assumed phosphoenolpyruvate/pyruvate cycle was autoregulatory, i.e. dependent on substrates and independent of circulating horomes. Maximal velocities and half saturating concentrations were determined for fructose and for lactate as substrates. The kinetic data obtained, especially the sigmoidal pattern of fructolysis, could nicely explain phenomenologically the rather sudden slow-down of lactate production and the shift to lactate consumption. The levels of the metabolites ATP, ADP, AMP, fructose bisphosphate and alanine, which control the enzymes of the assumed phosphoenolypyruvate/pyruvate cycle, were determined in the cytosol and in the mitochondria before and after the shift from fructose glycolysis to lactate gluconeogenesis. The changes observed could not explain the shift. Experiments with [14C] fructose plus unlabelled lactate and reciprocally, with unlabelled fructose plus [14C] lactate, clearly reveled that within the C3 part, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were catalyzed simultaneously. The simultaneity of and the shift between fructolysis and gluconeogenesis by the liver cell suspension can best be explained by assuming two metabolically different types of hepatocytes rather than one type of hepatocyte with metabolically equal or different cell compartment. In vivo, the different types of hepatocytes would form a gluconeogenic and a glycolytic zone within the liver parenchyma. Since, under normal conditions, the size of these metabolic zones should remain unaltered, the shift from net glycolysis to net gluconeogenesis would be dependent primarily on substrate concentrations (autoregulation).