Federal expenditures for the elderly: a different interpretation of the past.
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Aged↗
Biomedical subjects
K Judge
Publications and source records attributed to K Judge.
Effect of metal ions on diphtheria toxin production.
The effect of several metal ions on the production of diphtheria toxin was tested. By using the gel immunodiffusion system for detecting toxin, a wide range of metal ion concentrations was conveniently surveyed. Five divalent cations, Fe2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+ inhibited toxin production within a range of concentrations that did not inhibit growth of the producing strain. Growth and toxin production were inhibited at identical concentrations by both Cd2+ and Zn2+, whereas Al3+ and Sr2+ affected neither growth nor toxin production over the range of concentrations tested. The data showed that Fe2+ was the most effective inhibitor on an equivalence basis, followed by Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ in descending order. All eight strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae chosen from diverse ecological origins responded similarly to all metals at similar concentrations. A mutant strain which produces toxin at Fe2+ concentrations 500 times greater than are inhibitory for the parent strain had simultaneously acquired resistance to inhibitory concentrations of Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+. This suggests that there is at least one common point in the activity of all these metal ions, and that toxin may respond broadly to changes in metal ion concentrations in the environment.
Aluminum↗
The determinants of hospital utilisation: implications for resource allocation in England.
Since 1976 various attempts have been made to ensure that NHS resources available for hospital and related services in England are allocated in proportion to the health care needs of different areas. The current method is based on analyses of the links between observed patterns of in-patient utilization and the characteristics of the populations of small areas. There are a number of practical difficulties with this approach, however, and so the search continues for new analytical techniques. The purpose of this paper is to explore how household survey data about 12,729 English adults could be used to inform resource allocation decisions. Health care need indicators can be developed based on Census information and odds ratios derived from logistic regression analyses of the relationships between hospital utilization, health status, socio-demographic characteristics and area indicators of supply. The results suggest that health status is the most important determinant of hospital utilization, although demographic and socio-economic factors also have some influence. In addition to the personal characteristics of individual respondents, area correlates of health care supply are also positively associated with reported utilization. The final part of the paper illustrates how weighted population estimates might be calculated on the basis of empirically-derived indicators of health care need.
Adult↗
Income inequality and population health.
A number of studies have suggested that inequalities in the distribution of income may be an important cause of variations in the average level of population health among rich industrial nations. However, what is missing from the debate so far is any systematic review of evidence about the relationship between different measures of income distribution and indicators of population health. This paper aims to bridge that gap. First, it summarizes the recent English language literature on this topic and illustrates the methodological problems that weaken the inferences that can be derived from it. Secondly, it presents new empirical estimates of the relationship between different measures of income distribution, infant mortality and life expectancy based on the most authoritative data published to date. In contrast to most earlier studies, we find very little support for the view that income inequality is associated with variations in average levels of national health in rich industrial countries. Some possible explanations for these differences are outlined.
Developed Countries↗