The fundamental concept that synapse growth and change are associated with learning is considered a "replay" of early neurodevelopmental principles that instruct neural connectivity pattern. Common mechanisms suggested to link the process of memory formation through synaptic elaboration are exemplified by the activity of cell adhesion molecules following learning and that center on waves of glycoprotein synthesis occurring in the 6- to 8-h and 10- to 12-h posttraining periods of consolidation. These are associated with spatially clustered granule cells in the adult rat hippocampus that show a transient time-dependent increase in ribosome production and greater microtubular complexity and dendritic spine number 6 to 8 h following training. The elimination and/or selection of the synapses to be retained in the memory trace is proposed to be dependent on cell adhesion molecule glycosylation events in the 10- to 12-h posttraining period. The existence of similar cell adhesion molecule glycosylation mechanisms within a corticohippocampal pathway is used to contribute to a model of memory in which sensory representations are eventually consolidated through relative change in synaptic weightings.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

CEO incentives-its not how much you pay, but how.

The arrival of spring means yet another round in the national debate over executive compensation. But the critics have it wrong. The relentless attention on how much CEOs are paid diverts public attention from the real problem-how CEOs are paid. The authors present an in-depth statistical analysis of executive compensation. The study incorporates data on thousands of CEOs spanning five decades. Their surprising conclusions are at odds with the prevailing wisdom on CEO pay: Despite the headlines, top executives are not receiving record salaries and bonuses. Cash compensation has increased over the past 15 years, but CEO pay levels are just now catching up to where they were 50 years ago. Annual changes in executive compensation do not reflect changes in corporate performance. For the median CEO in the 250 largest public companies, a $1,000 change in shareholder value corresponds to a change of just 6.7 cents in salary and bonus over a two-year period. With respect to pay for performance, CEO compensation is getting worse rather than better. CEO stock ownership-the best link between shareholder wealth and executive well-being-was ten times greater in the 1930s than in the 1980s. Compensation policy is one of the most important factors in an organization's success. Not only does it shape how top executives behave but it also helps determine what kind of executives an organization attracts. That's why it's so urgent that boards of directors reform their compensation practices and adopt systems that reward outstanding performance and penalize poor performance.

Administrative Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Angiographic anatomy of the laterocavernous sinus.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The laterocavernous sinus (LCS) has recently been recognized as one of the major drainage pathways of the superficial middle cerebral vein (SMCV). Our purpose was to investigate the drainage pattern of the SMCV, with special emphasis on the angiographic anatomy of the LCS. METHODS: The drainage pathways of the SMCV were evaluated prospectively on 100 selective carotid angiograms obtained in 65 consecutive patients. RESULTS: The SMCV was absent in 19% of cases. A classic termination into the cavernous sinus (CS) was found in 20%, a paracavernous sinus in 39%, and an LCS in 22%. The LCS drained toward the pterygoid plexus (27%), the superior petrosal sinus (18%), the posterior aspect of the CS (32%), or a combination of these pathways (23%). A complete absence of connection between the LCS and CS was observed in 63.5% of the patients. CONCLUSION: The LCS is a laterosellar venous space that is anatomically and angiographically distinct from the CS. Secondary small anastomoses between the LCS and CS may make it difficult to differentiate the two structures. Appreciation of the course and connection pattern of the LCS is important, particularly when planning an endovascular approach to treatment of lesions in the region of the CS.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Continuous hemofiltration in infants and children.

Continuous arterio-venous hemofiltration has been successfully used in pediatric patients for whom lower mean arterial pressure, vascular access, control of ultrafiltration rates, and blood lost to the extracorporeal circuit are important considerations.

Child↗