A total of 100 patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma, less than or equal to 5 cm in diameter, seen during the last 8 years were analyzed retrospectively for survival time in relation to treatment and Child's grading. When analyzed with respect to major treatment modalities without considering stage, the median survival was 35.0 months for 34 patients treated by surgery, 28.8 months for 20 patients treated by transcatheter arterial embolization, 10.6 months for 25 patients treated by intraarterial chemotherapy and 9.7 months for 17 patients who received no specific treatment. When patients were divided into three stages without considering treatment, the median survival was 37.1 months for 37 Child's A patients, 16.2 months for 36 Child's B patients and 1.6 months for 27 Child's C patients. These results suggest that the prognosis depended on treatment given and the Child's grade. The effects of major therapeutic modalities on survival were analyzed with regard to Child's grading. Among Child's A patients, the actuarial survival rate for surgery was better than that for transcatheter arterial embolization and for arterial chemotherapy. Among Child's B patients, the survival rate for transcatheter arterial embolization was better than for other treatments. Among Child's C patients, there was no significant difference in survival rate regardless of treatment and its modality. These results suggest that surgery may be indicated as a first choice in Child's A patients, transcatheter arterial embolization in Child's B patients, and there is no effective treatment in Child's C patients. The major cause of death was hepatic failure irrespective of treatment.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: an ordered clone bank, a detailed restriction map and analysis of transcripts suggest the presence of 160 genes.

Using lambda phage vector EMBL4, we isolated 344 clones containing segments of chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, analysed their physical structure with eight restriction enzymes and sorted the data in contiguous groups with computer programmes. Furthermore, we performed Southern hybridizations between the sorted contiguous clone groups and interrelated them into larger groups. In this way, we constructed an ordered clone bank that covers almost the whole of chromosome III with a single gap of several kilobases in length. The consensus physical map thus obtained totals 334.6 kb, which is in good agreement with the size of this chromosome estimated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Southern hybridization analysis with the DNA probes containing telomere-specific sequences showed that the bank contained a telomere at a position corresponding to the right arm terminus of chromosome III. Also, five Ty elements were found to be present. To estimate the number of genes on this chromosome and to analyse their levels of expression, we performed a series of Northern hybridization experiments using total poly(A)+ RNA from vegetatively growing cells and appropriate restriction enzyme fragments from the bank. Thus, we identified a total of 156 transcripts on chromosome III, indicating, on an average, one gene in every 2 kb on this chromosome. The transcripts were visually categorized into five groups according to their apparent levels of expression. It was found that the genes located near both termini are expressed only at low levels and that highly expressed genes are rather scattered over the chromosome.

Blotting, Northern↗