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Biomedical subjects

K Hytten

Publications and source records attributed to K Hytten.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

[Emergency psychiatric departments are not refusing admissions].

The staff at the psychiatric emergency out-patient clinic in Oslo evaluated the services of the acute psychiatric wards when admitting patients to the hospital. Of 93 admittances during three months in 1998, the referring doctor was satisfied with the hospital's response in 84% of the cases. The mean time from contact was taken with the hospital till the admittance was accepted was 19 minutes. The admittance of patients in acute psychiatric hospitals in Oslo is straightforward, and reasonably well organized.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗
PubMed1998

[Psychoanalysis beyond Freud].

Since Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) formulated his first psychoanalytic theories about 100 years ago, there has been a rapid development in psychoanalytic theory and therapy. In this paper, central concepts in the four psychoanalytic "psychologies"--drive/ego psychology, object relations theory, self psychology and interpersonal psychoanalysis--are presented. Basic concepts in psychoanalysis have been under a continuous critical review, and psychoanalytic theories remain versatile. The unconscious and the exploration of subjective experience are central common themes. The role of the psychoanalyst has changed from expert to explorer, working together with the patient. At the same time, the analyst has become more active in the therapy room. The analyst's contribution to what is happening between the analyst and the patient has been increasingly emphasized. The development in psychoanalysis has parallelled both developments in the theory of knowledge as well as the change in cultural trends. Creating meaning is central to the psychoanalytic process, but there are divergent views as to how this happens: by articulating meaning, by uncovering meaning, by constructing or deconstructing meaning. The narrative tradition in which the central point is to tell stories about oneself, is discussed more thoroughly in the paper. The authors challenge the view that psychoanalysis is the work of Freud only.

Austria↗
PubMed1997

Disclosing the cancer diagnosis: the patients' experiences.

497 Norwegian cancer patients (346 females, 151 males, mean age = 56 years (S.D. = 12)), admitted to a cancer rehabilitation centre, were surveyed on how they were told their diagnosis. Predictors of general satisfaction with the information were assessed. 43% of the subjects were informed by phone, letter or in the corridor/on the round and estimated that the information was presented in less than 5 minutes. Satisfaction with the information was predicted by perceiving the physicians as personally interested (B = 0.528, P < 0.001), comprehending the information (B = 0.245, P < 0.001), being informed in the physicians' offices (B = 0.338, P < 0.001), being informed by physicians at oncological departments (B = 0.278, P = 0.01) and increasing time spent on the disclosure (B = 0.140, P = 0.01). Other aspects of physician-patient communication than the pure presentation of valid information is highly valued by the patients. However, a substantial proportion of physicians present the cancer diagnosis in such a manner that the possibility of engaging in conversation about the diagnosis and the effect upon the patient is very limited. The findings call for remedial attention to the subject and improvement in performance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Attitudes toward informing the cancer patient--a survey of Norwegian physicians.

To examine Norwegian physicians' attitudes to informing patients of a diagnosis of cancer, a random sample of 1467 were surveyed. The respondents rated their level of agreement to 14 statements, and the responses were analysed by chi-squared statistics. 990 physicians responded (67%). Only 30.5% of the responding physicians had treated more than 10 cancer patients the previous year, which included 7.8% who had treated more than 50. 40.4% had treated none. The great majority (81%) preferred full information of the diagnosis. Physicians with increasing age preferred relatives not being present and gave priority to factual information and informing patients with the same diagnosis identically. Hospital physicians (39.5%) more often preferred other health professionals being present than physicians in private practice (18%) (P < 0.001). Number of cancer patients treated was not associated with attitudes toward the disclosure of information. Norwegian physicians prefer revealing the cancer diagnosis to patients, but have divergent opinions about how to do so. Some of these indicate suboptimal information-giving.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The Reactivity of Psychosis Rating Form (RPRF): background, development and psychometrics.

The ICD-10 and DSM-IV classifications have both given low priority to "reactivity" to acute stress as a classificatory principle for functional psychoses. In Scandinavia, reactivity is still considered an important factor in the development of such psychoses. Reactivity is a complex concept, and its various components are historically examined. The Reactivity of Psychosis Rating Form (RPRF) was developed in order to operationalize reactivity. Seven of the 10 elements of RPRF can be rated reliably. Factor analysis of the RPRF yields three factors: stressor, onset and change, that also show high interrater reliability. Our results indicate that RPRF has both construct and discriminant validity. Further studies with the RPRF may elucidate the true status of reactivity in functional psychoses.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

[Suicide among inpatients in Gaustad Hospital 1954-1991].

We present results from a retrospective study of 31 suicides committed during the years 1954-1991 among inpatients at Gaustad Hospital. There was a radical increase in the suicide rate during the period, an increase that was higher than expected from the increase among the general population. The patients suffered from serious psychopathological conditions. Hanging was found to be the most frequent method of suicide, reflecting that psychiatric inpatients use methods that are easily available. Changes in the routines for admission, discharge and treatment of patients are discussed as possible factors explaining the increase. Improved evaluation of risk of suicide, more active antipsychotic and antidepressive treatment and improved control when risk of suicide is assessed to be high are discussed as important prophylactic measures.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Information and support to cancer patients. Experience from a course for young cancer patients at the Montebello Center].

The Montebello Centre offers courses for cancer patients from the whole country. The intention is to improve the patients' quality of life and ability to cope through information, group discussions and various kinds of activities. During Easter 1991 the Centre arranged a course for young people. An oncologist and a psychiatrist served as teachers and group participants, and offered individual consultations. Most of the patients had received insufficient information about their cancer. The period after end of active treatment was experienced as particularly distressing due to psychological reactions. The establishment of more self-help groups, and contact with already established groups, seem to be valuable psychosocial interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[The concept of anxiety--etiology, clinical aspects and treatment].

The paper focuses on the different ways of using and understanding the anxiety concept. After discussing varying views on anxiety in psychoanalytical theory and existential philosophy, the author presents the nosological classification of anxiety disorders in DSM-III-R, and presents recent research findings concerning the etiology of anxiety disorders. The main part of the paper concerns the treatment of the various anxiety disorders. The emphasis is on individual cognitive behavioural treatment and pharmacotherapy, but a psychoanalytical orientation is also discussed. The description of etiology and treatment focuses upon panic disorder, post traumatic stress disorder and the phobias.

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic↗
PubMed1991

[Suicide--prediction and risk evaluation].

The paper discusses the possibilities of predicting suicide and of evaluating suicide risk. Attempts at long-term prediction of suicide based on prospective follow-up studies have been unsuccessful in terms of too many false positive predictions. The author presents five areas of statistical risk factors for suicide: biological factors, psychosocial factors, personality traits, family history and psychiatric disorders. Different suicide rating scales are discussed as possible clinical tools which could help the clinician to evaluate risk of attempted suicide. The author presents several biological markers for suicide risk as discussed in the literature, but is sceptical to their clinical applicability. Finally, the clinical evaluation of suicide risk is presented in some detail. The author claims that intervention should still be based on a clinical evaluation.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1990

Stress inoculation training for smoke divers and free fall lifeboat passengers.

The effects of 1 h stress inoculation training on subjective experience, performance, and physiological activation were studied in two fear-provoking situations. In the free fall lifeboat situation, the experimental group reported higher acceptance of the free fall lifeboat concept after the training course than the control group. In the smoke diving situation, the experimental group reported less need of success and reported learning self confidence instead of skills more often than the control group and received less help from the instructor during diving. However, the experimental group reported higher anxiety than the control group during training. There were no differences between groups in saliva cortisol values in either of the two experiments. Effects of stress inoculation training are explained in terms of expectancy theory.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Fire fighters: a study of stress and coping.

Fifty-eight non-professional fire fighters, 91% of all firefighters from different industries who participated in a hotel fire rescue operation, were investigated by means of a structured self-report questionnaire about their stress experience during and after the rescue action. Together with 57 professional fire fighters, they participated in rescuing hotel guests confined for as much as three hours in a 12 storeyed hotel building on fire. Fourteen persons (11%) died, 114 guests survived. Forty-seven percent of the non-professional fire fighters reported that the disaster experience was the worst they had ever experienced. Even so, 80% thought that they had coped with the job well to fairly well and for as many as 66% the rescue action represented something positive to them in retrospect. Ten percent claimed that stress reactions disturbed them in executing effective rescue work. Fifty-eight percent maintained that more preparation and training could have improved their effort. Fire fighters with previous practical experience seemed to "digest" the disaster experience more easily than inexperienced fire fighters as measured by the Impact of Event Scale. High level of competence and opportunity for debriefing as well as disaster characteristics are discussed as factors explaining the favourable coping with extreme stress.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Helicopter crash in water: effects of simulator escape training.

Findings are presented from an interview study of five crew members who survived a helicopter crash. Four of the five surviving men had received simulated helicopter accident training prior to the crash. One untrained crew member died. The four previously trained survivors claimed that the training was of decisive moment in their escape and survival. Contributions from training appeared to be provision of confidence and thought control. The author discusses these as the development of a positive response-outcome expectancy.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1989

Accident simulation as a new therapy technique for post-traumatic stress disorder. A case study.

Data are presented from clinical interviews and psychological tests of a helicopter pilot who had survived a helicopter crash. Within a week, the pilot developed severe stress reactions after the crash, dominated by guilt feelings, nightmares and fear of not being able to fly. Helicopter-accident training simulating a helicopter crashing into the water was used as part of the treatment. The therapeutic value and limitations of this type of treatment are discussed. The main benefit seemed to be the extinction of traumatic helplessness and the reestablishment of a positive response-outcome expectancy. Existential conflicts were not covered by the simulator training.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1989

Suicide among soldiers and young men in the Nordic countries 1977-1984.

A comparison of suicide rates among soldiers and civilians in the Nordic countries during the 8-year period 1977-1984 revealed that suicides among soldiers were more frequent in Norway than in Sweden and Finland. An in-depth study of the suicides of Norwegian soldiers during the same time period points to selection procedures and distance from home to the soldier's duty camp as possible causal factors. The suicides were frequently precipitated by an acute crisis. Preventive measures are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Effects of underwater escape training--a psychophysiological study.

The effect of underwater escape training was analysed among 78 participants at the Norwegian Underwater Technological Center (NUTEC), Bergen, in a psychophysiological study. The training caused significant physiological activation. Perceived training effect was found to be inversely related to anxiety during training. Most of the participants developed a positive response outcome expectancy and increased confidence in flying. The learning aspects were versatile and partly dependent on personality factors. A more individualized approach to training is recommended.

Adaptation, Psychological↗