The association of infantile diarrhoea with the occurrence of Candida species and their different morphological cell forms (pseudohyphae and/or blastospores) in faeces was studied in children of 0-15 months in a developing community (Lahore, Pakistan) where malnutrition is prevalent. Stool samples from 119 patients admitted to the Diarrhoea Treatment Unit, Department of Pediatrics, King Edward Medical College, and 46 healthy children were investigated for yeasts, bacteria, viruses and parasites. Salmonella and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were seen in 13 (11%) each of the cases while Candida was the most frequent micro-organism, grown in cultures from 38 (32%) of the diarrhoea cases. C. tropicalis dominated (19%) over C. albicans (6%) and C. parapsilosis (3%). However, in a great number of cases (23, equals 19%), Candida did not grow in cultures but blastospores and/or pseudohyphae were seen on microscopical examination. Other Candida species and yeasts were relatively more common in the control group. Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis were the only identified agents in 23 of the cases (19%). The characteristic clinical findings in children with Candida as the only identified pathogen were malnutrition (69%), age less than 8 months (90%), and microscopically identified pseudohyphae in faecal smears (71%).

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Interference between gram-positive microorganisms in dental plaque.

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Corynebacterium↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Reflex activation in allergen-induced nasal mucosal vascular reactions.

Subjects with allergic rhinitis were challenged unilaterally with diluent and increasing doses of allergen. Challenge with the highest dose of allergen was also carried out after topical anesthesia of the nasal cavity using lidocaine. In the contralateral, unprovoked nasal cavity the mucosal blood flow was determined using the 133Xenon wash-out technique and the nasal airway resistance was determined by rhinomanometry before and after challenge. Nasal symptom scores were estimated 15 min after each challenge. Blood flow in the nasal mucosa in the unprovoked right nasal cavity decreased in a dose-dependent manner for th two highest doses of allergen where a reduction of 21% (p less than 0.05) and 26% (p less than 0.01) was obtained. Nasal airway resistance increased somewhat after the highest dose (p greater than 0.05). Topical anesthesia in the provoked nasal cavity inhibited the decrease in blood flow in the unchallenged nasal cavity. These findings suggest that the changes in the tone of the resistance vessels, but not the capacitance vessels, which are induced by allergen, are largely reflex-mediated.

Adult↗