Molecular evolution of MRSA.
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Amino Acid Sequence↗
Biomedical subjects
K Hiramatsu
Publications and source records attributed to K Hiramatsu.
TOC-39, a novel parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporin with excellent activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
TOC-39, a new parenteral cephalosporin, is a hydroxyimino-type cephem antibiotic with vinylthio-pyridyl moiety at the 3 position. TOC-39 was evaluated for antibacterial activity against various clinically isolated strains. TOC-39 had excellent activity, stronger than that of methicillin, oxacillin, the cephalosporins tested, imipenem, gentamicin, minocycline, tobramycin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and had an MIC comparable to that of vancomycin (the MICs of TOC-39 and vancomycin for 90% of the strains tested were 3.13 and 1.56 micrograms/ml, respectively). Against Enterococcus faecalis strains, which are resistant to cephalosporins, TOC-39 was twice as active as ampicillin. Against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus pneumoniae, TOC-39 was twice as active as or more active than cefotiam, ceftazidime, flomoxef, and cefpirome. Against Streptococcus pyogenes, TOC-39 was superior to cefotiam, ceftazidime, and flomoxef and was similar to cefpirome. In addition, the activity of TOC-39 was equal to or greater than that of cefotiam, ceftazidime, flomoxef, and cefpirome against Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Morganella morganii. In terms of bactericidal effect against MRSA, TOC-39 was superior to vancomycin. No mutant resistant to TOC-39 or vancomycin was obtained from susceptible MRSA strains. In murine systemic infection models, TOC-39 showed potent activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Against highly MRSA, the activity of TOC-39 was comparable to that of vancomycin.
Animals↗
Use of local cerebral blood flow monitoring to predict brain damage after disturbance to the venous circulation: cortical vein occlusion model by photochemical dye.
A rat model of cortical vein occlusion by the photochemical thrombotic technique was used to evaluate whether monitoring the change in the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) could predict brain damage after cortical vein occlusion. The cortical vein occlusion was attained by using the photochemical thrombotic technique, and the sequential LCBF was measured by using a laser Doppler flowmeter positioned over the middle frontal cortex between two adjacent dorsal veins for 120 minutes after the start of the irradiation to the cortical vein. Rats were assigned to one of three experimental groups. In Group A (n = 10), one dorsal cerebral vein was occluded; in Group B (n = 10), two adjacent dorsal cerebral veins were occluded; and in a sham-operated group (n = 5), the rats also underwent craniotomy and light exposure but received injections of saline rather than the rose bengal dye. After 24 hours, the rats were submitted to perfusion fixation and were examined histopathologically. After irradiation-induced cortical vein occlusion, a gradual and significant decrease of the LCBF was observed in both Group A (significantly different from the LCBF of the sham-operated group after 90 min, P < 0.05, and 120 min, P < 0.01) and Group B (significantly different from the LCBF of the sham-operated group at 30 min, P < 0.05, and at 60, 90, and 120 min, P < 0.01). Significant differences (P < 0.01) in the LCBF were also seen between the two experimental groups at 90 and 120 minutes after the start of the irradiation and the subsequent brain damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Renal refractoriness to phosphaturic action of parathyroid hormone in a patient with hypomagnesemia.
A 50-year-old tetanic woman with hypomagnesemia is described. She had partial resection of the stomach and the jejunum at the age of 20 years. Lack of parathyroid hormone (PTH) function was indicated by hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and high tubular reabsorption of phosphate. However, both plasma concentration of PTH and nephrogenous cAMP were normal. Administration of magnesium sulfate completely normalized serum phosphate and tubular transport of phosphate with only a modest increase in nephrogenous cAMP. The present findings suggest that phosphaturic action of PTH is impaired in magnesium deficiency and that steps distal to cAMP production may be responsible for the renal refractoriness to the hormonal action.
Female↗
Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of galanin-containing nerves in the chicken pancreas.
The distribution of galanin-containing nervous elements in the chicken pancreas was investigated by use of immunohistochemical method. Galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibres formed a perivascular plexus and a dense network in the subepithelial layer of secretory ducts. The muscle layers of secretory ducts were also supplied with galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibres. The exocrine pancreas received a supply of varicose nerve fibres showing galanin immunoreactivity. In the endocrine part, B-islets were innervated by galanin-immunoreactive nerve fibres, whereas A-islets received fewer nervous elements. Double staining combined with the immunofluorescence method for galanin and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry showed at least two types of ganglion cells in the interlobular connective tissue; one showing both acetylcholinesterase activity and galanin immunoreactivity, and the other showing acetylcholinesterase activity only. The present results demonstrate that the chicken pancreas is innervated by galanin-containing nerves of intrinsic origin and suggest that galanin coexists with acetylcholine in the chicken pancreas.
Acetylcholine↗
Effect of parathyroid hormone on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.
To evaluate the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on diastolic function, left ventricular (LV) diastolic filling dynamics were studied using pulsed Doppler echocardiography in patients with untreated primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT; mean age 59 years) and control subjects. In patients with primary HPT, the ratio of peak flow velocity of atrial filling wave to peak flow velocity of early filling wave (A/E) was studied immediately before and 1 month after parathyroidectomy (PTX). A/E is significantly higher in the patients with primary HPT than in the control subjects. A/E decreased significantly after PTX. A/E was strongly correlated with PTH levels, but not with calcium levels in patients with primary HPT. It is concluded that LV diastolic function is abnormal in patients with primary HPT, which could result from elevated PTH rather than hypercalcemia.
Aged↗
Influence of systemic chemotherapy on anti-P-glycoprotein antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in patients with small cell lung cancer.
Anti-P-glycoprotein antibody (MRK-16)-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by blood mononuclear cells (MNC) was examined in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) before and after systemic chemotherapy. The effect of in vitro treatment of MNC with interleukin (IL)-2 and macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) was also examined. The ADCC reaction was assessed by a 6 h 51Cr-release assay using a multidrug-resistant (MDR) SCLC cell line (H69/VP cells). The MRK-16 monoclonal antibody was able to augment spontaneous cytotoxicity by MNC, even in SCLC patients. Pretreatment of MNC with IL-2 significantly augmented their ADCC ability in SCLC patients, while M-CSF had no effect on ADCC activity. After the first cycle of systemic chemotherapy, the ADCC activity tended to decline, but ADCC of MNC pretreated with IL-2 was not affected. The results suggest that anti-P-glycoprotein antibody, in combination with a cytokine such as IL-2, may be therapeutically useful against human SCLC resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs.
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
[Calvarial metastasis of cervical carcinoma showing the dural tail sign on magnetic resonance imaging].
A 42-year-old female was admitted to our department on 3 August, 1993 with a 3-month history of steadily enlarging subgaleal mass (3.2 x 3.0 cm) in the parietal region. She had been doing well following radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma of the uterus one year previously. Neurological examination on admission was negative. Axial T1-weighted MR images showed a low-intensity mass with marked homogeneous enhancement in the area of bone destruction, and a dural tail adjacent to the tumor (flare sign) after Gd-DTPA administration. The tumor was totally resected, and was pathologically diagnosed as a calvarial metastasis of the cervical carcinoma. However, 5 months later the tumor recurred anterior to the site of the resection. Since the dura mater adjacent to the tumor exhibited collagen fiber proliferation, the dural tail sign was appeared to represent a reaction to the tumor. Other calvarial metastatic lesions appeared adjacent to the initial lesion 5 months after the initial lesion was resected, however, suggesting that tumor cell nests were present in the dura mater which exhibited the dural tail sign. Extensive pathological examination of the dura mater appears necessary whenever a dural tail sign is detected by magnetic resonance imaging.
Adult↗
Colocalization of NADPH-diaphorase with neuropeptides in the intrapancreatic neurons of the chicken.
Colocalization of nitric oxide with neuropeptides was investigated in the chicken pancreas by use of double staining combined with the indirect immunofluorescence technique and histochemistry for NADPH-diaphorase, a specific marker for neural nitric oxide synthase. NADPH-diaphorase positive ganglia were easily detected in the interlobular connective tissue. Many NADPH-diaphorase positive ganglion cells also showed immunoreactivity for VIP (80.9%) or galanin (76.2%). Some ganglion cells showed enzyme activity only (about 20%). Very few neurons were NADPH-diaphorase negative, but immunopositive for VIP (2.0%) or galanin (3.7%). The present study provides evidence that nitric oxide colocates with VIP and galanin in the chicken pancreas.
Animals↗
Strategies to improve the outcome of carotid endarterectomy.
The outcomes of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) including long-term results in 121 patients (126 procedures) were retrospectively analyzed to identify the causes of operative morbidity. The angiographic internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis was severe (> 70%) in 62 patients and moderate (50-70%) with ulceration in 64. The arterial wall was sutured primarily in 91 patients and with patch graft in 35. The outcomes 3 months after operation were good recovery in 86 patients, moderately disabled in 20, severely disabled in 11, and death in four. Three patients suffered operative morbidity (2.5%). During follow-up, three patients (2.6%) suffered transient ischemic attack on the operative side due to middle cerebral artery stenosis (50%) or ICA occlusion at the origin, and recurrent stenosis (40%) of the common carotid artery and ICA (1 each). In the latter two cases, the artery was primarily sutured. Improved therapeutic results require use of patch vein graft for the arterial wall suture, checking of the CEA patency, and prevention of intracranial ischemic events and hemorrhage due to associated lesions.
Adult↗
Mutations in the rfbT gene are responsible for the Ogawa to inaba serotype conversion in Vibrio cholerae O1.
In cultures of Vibrio cholerae strains of Ogawa serotype, variant strains which had undergone serotype conversion from Ogawa to Inaba were identified. The rfbT genes cloned from the parent strains were found to produce a 31-kDa protein in the maxicell system, and to cause serotype conversion when introduced into E. coli cells expressing Inaba serotype specificity. On the other hand, rfbT genes cloned from the variant strains neither produced the 31-kDa protein nor caused serotype conversion. Nucleotide sequence of these rfbT genes as well as those of two clinical Vibrio cholerae strains of Inaba serotype revealed that mutations causing premature termination of their rfbT genes were invariably present in strains expressing Inaba serotype specificity. The results strongly suggested that genetic alteration of the rfbT gene is responsible for serotype conversion of Vibrio cholerae O1.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Increase in T cells expressing the gamma/delta receptor and CD4+CD8+ double-positive T cells in primary immunodeficiency complicated by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I infection.
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CD4 Antigens↗
Left ventricular filling abnormalities in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and improvement by a short-term glycemic control.
To determine whether left ventricular (LV) filling abnormalities in diabetes are associated with diabetic microangiopathy, and to evaluate the effect of a short-term glycemic control on the filling abnormalities, diastolic filling dynamics were assessed by pulsed Doppler echocardiography in 246 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Isovolumic relaxation time and the ratio of peak flow velocity of atrial filling wave to peak flow velocity of early filling wave (A/E) were significantly greater in diabetic patients than in age- and sex-matched control subjects. Diabetic patients with retinopathy had significantly greater isovolumic relaxation time and A/E values than those without retinopathy. A/E was significantly decreased 1 month after insulin treatment in those without, but not with retinopathy. It is concluded that LV diastolic filling is impaired in mildly hyperglycemic patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus without severe complications, the abnormality being more intense in patients with retinopathy. A short-term glycemic control results in a marked decrease in abnormalities in patients without, but not with retinopathy.
Adult↗
Synthesis and biological activity of N6-(p-sulfophenyl)alkyl and N6-sulfoalkyl derivatives of adenosine: water-soluble and peripherally selective adenosine agonists.
A series of N6-(p-sulfophenyl)alkyl and N6-sulfoalkyl derivatives of adenosine was synthesized, revealing that N6-(p-sulfophenyl)adenosine (10b) is a moderately potent (Ki vs [3H]PIA in rat cortical membranes was 74nM) and A1-selective (120-fold) adenosine agonist, of exceptional aqueous solubility of > 1.5 g/mL (approximately 3 M). Compound 10b was very potent in inhibiting synaptic potentials in gerbil hippocampal slices with an IC50 of 63 nM. At a dose of 0.1 mg/kg ip in rats, 10b inhibited lipolysis (a peripheral A1 effect) by 85% after 1 h. This in vivo effect was reversed using the peripherally selective A1-antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-[p-(carboxyethynyl)phenyl]xanthine (BW1433). The same dose of 10b in NIH Swiss mice (ip) was nearly inactive in locomotor depression, an effect that has been shown to be centrally mediated when elicited by lower doses of other potent adenosine agonists, such as N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) (Nikodijevic et al. FEBS Lett. 1990, 261, 67). HPLC studies of biodistribution of a closely related and less potent homologue, N6-[4-(p-sulfophenyl)butyl]adenosine indicated that a 25 mg/kg ip dose in mice resulted in a plasma concentration after 30 min of 0.46 micrograms/mL and no detectable drug in the brain (detection limit < 0.1% of plasma level). Although 10b at doses > 0.1 mg/kg in mice depressed locomotor activity, this depression was unlike the effects of CHA and was reversible by BW1433. These data suggest that 10b is a potent adenosine agonist in vivo and shows poor CNS penetration.
Adenosine↗
[Imaging diagnosis of lupus enteritis--especially about sonographic findings].
We evaluated 4 cases of lupus enteritis by US, abdominal X-ray and CT. On US examinations, in particular, we observed ascites and edematous thickening of the small intestine where Kerckring folds with submucosal edema resembled an accordion. After steroid treatment and consequent improvement of the disease, we noticed disappearance of the intestinal thickening and ascites on US examination, compatible with the diagnosis of lupus enteritis. Based on these results, US was useful for the diagnosis and follow-up of lupus enteritis.
Adult↗
[Mechanism of methicillin resistance and genetic background of Staphylococcus aureus].
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Animals↗
[Biliary enhanced MR imaging by Gd-DTPA].
Biliary enhanced MRI (BEMRI) by Gd-DTPA via PTCD and/or PTGBD tube for obstructive jaundice was performed in 8 patients. In all cases, biliary tract was clearly visualised as high signal intensity on T1 weighted images. On same images, primary lesion such as common bile duct cancer was also visualised as well as portal system. In addition, MR angiography (MRA) by 2D-time of flight method was performed. MRA with BEMRI shows portal encasement on the same image as biliary tract obstruction. It suggests MRA with BEMRI may replace the other modality for obstructive jaundice.
Biliary Tract↗
[Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for stenotic dialysis arterio-venous fistulas].
From December 1982 to January 1991, we performed fistulography on 40 patients who complained functional failure of arterio-venous dialysis fistula. And percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) was attempted on 15 patients (19 times) who revealed marked fistula stenosis. Initial successful rate was 78.9% and patency rate was 56.2% in the first 6 months. (75% in the first 6 months when angioplasty was initially successful). We describe the method of fistulography and PTA for stenotic dialysis fistulas, and evaluate the usefulness of PTA. And also we introduce our attempts for improving the initial successful rate and patency rate. In conclusion, when dialysis arterio-venous fistula is stenotic but not occlusive, PTA should be considered first before surgical treatment is done.
Adult↗