Simultaneous immunisation with influenza vaccine and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in patients with chronic respiratory disease.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
K Hammond
Publications and source records attributed to K Hammond.
Physical assessment. A nutritional perspective.
Nutrition focused history and physical examination is essential in order to provide an accurate nutritional plan of care. The nutrition history provides subjective information from the patient and/or significant other in regard to nutrition related problems. Once completed, the nutrition focused physical follows corroborating the history findings and adding new findings that may assist in formulating the nutrition problem list. The goals of the nutrition focused physical examination include determining the status of nutrition processes including ingestion, digestion, absorption and metabolism, and identifying signs and symptoms of nutritional depletion or excess.
Humans↗
Worker exposure to endotoxin, phenolic compounds, and formaldehyde in a fiberglass insulation manufacturing plant.
Worker exposures in a fiberglass wool insulation manufacturing plant were studied. The plant used a continuous process and operated at full production during a six-week study. Area samples were used to characterize spatial variability of contaminant levels. Repeated personal samples were used to characterize the distribution and to explore within- and between-worker variability of exposures. The greatest potential for exposure to each of the contaminants was restricted to specific areas of the plant. Area geometric mean concentrations were 1 to 390 ng/m3 for endotoxin and 22 to 414 micrograms/m3 for formaldehyde. There was considerable within-area variation of endotoxin (geometric standard deviation [GSD] 2.6 to 5.5) and formaldehyde (GSD 2.0 to 4.5). Concentrations of phenolic compounds were correlated with endotoxin and were influenced by a relatively high limit of detection. The ranges of personal GM exposures across homogeneous groupings were smaller than the range for the corresponding areas (endotoxin 5.8 to 36.4 ng/m3; formaldehyde 18.1 to 67.4 micrograms/m3). Variability in personal exposure was high. Individual GSDs ranged up to 10, with the mean individual GSD of 3.4 for endotoxin, and up to 12 with mean 3.7 for formaldehyde. Suggested thresholds for acute respiratory effects of endotoxin exposure were frequently exceeded (46% of 8-hr personal samples > 10 ng/m3, 7% > 100 ng/m3). No personal samples exceeded the Occupational Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure level or the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists' threshold limit value for formaldehyde; however, 34% were greater than 60 micrograms/m3 and 11% were greater than 120 micrograms/m3. Thus, exposures fell in a range where important exposure-response relationship could be examined.
Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
Study into the ability of healthy people of small stature to satisfy the sampling requirements of breath alcohol testing instruments.
In a previous study (Gomm et al., 1991) people with a variety of respiratory diseases were tested and criteria defined for assessing their ability to provide samples for Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments. This study investigated the possible problems which may be encountered by healthy people of small stature--5ft 5in (166cm) or less--who do not suffer from a respiratory disease. This study followed the same pattern as the earlier work in that lung function (Forced Expiration Volume in One Second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)) was measured by spirometry, and Peak Expiration Flow Rate (PEFR) was measured using a Wright peak flow meter. Following the lung function measurements the subjects were requested to provide samples for Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments used by the Police in Great Britain. As with the previously reported work (Gomm et al., 1991), this study found that the FEV1 and FVC gave the most reliable indication of a person's capability of satisfying the sampling requirements of Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments, but on this occasion the PEFR also provided a good confirmatory indication. Because there were no subjects with interstitial lung diseases the values determined by this study on 48 healthy adults indicate that a healthy person of small stature should be capable of supplying a suitable breath sample if their FEV1, FVC and PEFR are greater than 2.31, 2.61 and 330 l/min respectively.
Adult↗
Live animal measurement of carcass traits: estimation of genetic parameters for beef cattle.
Ultrasound measurements by trained and accredited sonographers on 9,232 Angus, Hereford, and Polled Hereford cattle at an average age of 450 d were used to estimate genetic and environmental (co)variances for weight at scanning (Wt), longissimus muscle area (LMA), longissimus muscle area adjusted to a constant weight of 400 kg (LMAawt), and fat depths at the rump and 12/13 rib sites. Estimated kilograms (ESMkg) and percentage of saleable meat yield (ESM%) were also calculated and analyzed. Subjective muscle scores, available for 2,488 animals, were also included in the analysis. Estimated heritabilities were 46% for Wt, 21% for LMA and LMAawt, 37% for rump fat, 30% for rib fat, 15% for muscle score, 44% for ESMkg, and 36% for ESM%. The two measurements, LMA and LMAawt, had high genetic (.82) and environmental (.91) correlations. The two fat depths were also highly correlated (.86 genetic; .67 environmental). Weight at scanning was moderately correlated with LMA (.45 genetic; .41 environmental). Differences between breeds could not be detected, but some variation in parameter estimates between data sets of the same breed was observed. Environmental correlations between fat depths or muscle score and Wt were approximately .3; genetic correlations were .07 to .12. Subjective muscle score had marginally higher genetic correlations with LMA than with LMAawt (.22 vs .08) but similar environmental correlations (.31 vs .27). Results show that carcass traits measured by ultrasound and predictions of meat yield have genetic variability, are moderately heritable, and that genetic progress based on genetic evaluation by mixed-model analysis can be made.
Adipose Tissue↗
The effect of protein kinase C modulators on endogenous protein phosphorylation in primate kidney.
The effects of modulators of protein kinase C on protein phosphorylation were studied in primate kidney. Phosphorylation of specific proteins, investigated using electrophoresis and autoradiography, indicated that in the absence of modulators eight major proteins were phosphorylated in membrane of baboon kidney; modulators enhanced a possible endogenous substrate of 41.8 +/- 2.3 kDa. In cytosol, eight major proteins were phosphorylated in the absence of modulators; a band of mass 110.4 +/- 13.8 kDa was enhanced with modulators added. Similar results were found in human kidney cytosol.
Animals↗
The matches, achieved by natural selection, between biological capacities and their natural loads.
Natural selection tends to eliminate unutilized capacities because of their costs. Hence we ask how large are the reserve capacities by which biological capacities exceed natural loads, and how closely are related biological capacities matched to each other. Measured capacities (Vmax values) of small intestinal brush-border nutrient transporters are typically around twice their natural loads (dietary intakes of their substrates); the ratio is higher for a transporter of a hyperessential nutrient. Preliminary evidence suggests matching of capacities between different steps in carbohydrate metabolism, and between the intestine, liver, kidneys, and spleen. Symmorphosis - the postulated matching of capacities to each other and to loads - is a testable hypothesis of economic design, useful in detecting and explaining cases of apparently uneconomic design.
Animals↗
Live animal measurement of carcass traits by ultrasound: assessment and accuracy of sonographers.
The establishment and evaluation of an assessment system to accredit sonographers for measuring the carcass traits of subcutaneous fat depths and longissimus muscle area (LMA) on potential breeding animals by real-time ultrasound is described. Repeatability of operators, variation between the animal's left and right sides, and variations in technique were assessed from measurements and repeat measurements of 30 cattle by up to eight operators at three testing sessions. Accuracy of carcass data was determined by repeatability of measurements, variability between measurers, between left and right sides of the carcass, and variation due to handling and dressing procedures. Correlations with carcass data averaged .92 for rump fat, .90 for rib fat, and .87 for LMA. Residual SD averaged .81 mm, .88 mm, and 5.1 cm2. A very experienced sonographer can measure LMA only marginally less accurately than it can be measured on the carcass. In Session 3, the SE between repeat fat measurements for accredited sonographers averaged .43 mm, indicating that fat depths can be measured more accurately, but when comparing measurements from different operators, adjustments may be required for differences in technique, otherwise overall accuracy will be about the same, approximately 1 mm. Scanned rump fat measurements were consistently approximately 20% higher than on the chilled, hanging carcass 24 h after slaughter; after applying the standard correction factor of 1.17, LMA measurements were similar. Scan and carcass rib fat measurements were similar for animals with less than or equal to 10 mm of fat cover, above which carcass measurements tended to be higher.
Accreditation↗
Additive and nonadditive differences in postweaning growth and carcass characteristics of Devon, Hereford, and reciprocal-cross steers.
Postweaning growth and carcass characters of 110 steers from a complete two-breed diallel of the Devon and Hereford breeds were examined under two environments. Additive and nonadditive effects were estimated using linear contrasts for several growth and carcass traits. Steers from each of the four breed groups were grown postweaning to slaughter in high- and low-nutrition environments. Weights were recorded every 2 mo. At slaughter, hot carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, kidney and channel fat, and subcutaneous fat at nine sites were measured. Heterosis for postweaning growth rate was 3.9% (P less than .01) and for slaughter weight 5.0% (P less than .01). Within the low-nutrition environment during periods of slow and fast growth, the Devons and Herefords performed differently. The growth rate of the steers differed in the two environments; however, heterosis for slaughter weight was of the same magnitude in both environments. No differences existed between the straightbreds or between the reciprocal crosses for slaughter weight. Crossbred carcasses were 7.4% heavier (P less than .01) than the straightbred carcasses; however, this effect was removed after adjustment for differences in slaughter weight. Heterosis for longissimus muscle area and carcass fatness were not significant after adjusting for carcass weight. Additive differences occurred for carcass traits. Devon carcasses had more kidney and channel fat (P less than .05) at a constant hot carcass weight and differences occurred in the partitioning of fat within the subcutaneous depot. No significant maternal effects were observed for the carcass traits measured. Crossbreeding increased carcass weight without altering composition, and relative performance was not affected by the diverse environments.
Adipose Tissue↗
Estimates of covariances between reproduction and growth in Australian beef cattle.
Estimates of covariance components between scrotal circumference, serving capacity, days to calving, and yearling and final weight were obtained for Hereford, Angus, and Zebu cross cattle in temperate and tropical Australia. Analyses were carried out by REML employing a derivative-free algorithm and fitting bivariate animal models. Aspects of modeling and computational requirements related to the use of this method are discussed. Estimates of heritabilities agreed closely with those from univariate analyses, being low for female reproductive performance and moderate to high for male reproduction and growth. Estimates of genetic correlation between male and female fertility traits were low but favorable, being -.25, -.28, and -.41 between scrotal circumference and days to calving for Herefords, Angus, and Zebu crosses, respectively. Genetic correlations between male reproductive traits and weights ranged from .24 to .52 for the temperate breeds and were higher (.65 to .69) for Zebu crosses. Phenotypic correlations between scrotal circumference and weights were similar for all breeds, ranging from .32 to .47, whereas serving capacity and weights were phenotypically unrelated. Estimates of correlations between days to calving and weights were less consistent. Phenotypically, there was little association between the two traits. Genetic correlations for Zebu crosses were negative and low to moderate (-.36 to -.66) and estimates for Angus were close to zero.
Analysis of Variance↗
Oscillations in cell morphology and redox state.
Fluctuations in the intensity of light scattered and absorbed by cells in suspension have been analysed by smoothing, periodogram and power spectrum methods to reveal oscillations attributed to changes in cell morphology and the redox state of NADH and FAD (periods 10 s to 30 min). The rhythms are themselves periodically modulated in amplitude at a similar frequency and exhibit burst characteristics. The low frequency scatter dynamics are provisionally attributed to oscillations in gross morphology and the high frequency variation to changes at the cell surface. Agents, such as insulin and transferrin, affect the dynamics. The scatter results suggest that rhythmic changes in cell morphology associated with locomotion are largely inherent in the cell and not due to periodic attachment and detachment from a surface.
Animals↗
Passive smoking on commercial airline flights.
In-flight exposure to nicotine, urinary cotinine levels, and symptom self-reports were assessed in a study of nine subjects (five passengers and four attendants) on four routine commercial flights each of approximately four hours' duration. Urine samples were collected for 72 hours following each flight. Exposures to nicotine measured during the flights using personal exposure monitors were found to be variable, with some nonsmoking areas attaining levels comparable to those in smoking sections. Attendants assigned to work in nonsmoking areas were not protected from smoke exposure. The type of aircraft ventilation was important in determining the levels of in-flight nicotine exposure. The environmental tobacco smoke levels that occurred produced measurable levels of cotinine (a major metabolite of nicotine) in the urine of passengers and attendants. Passengers who experienced the greatest smoke exposure had the highest levels of urinary cotinine. Changes in eye and nose symptoms between the beginning and end of the flights were significantly related both to nicotine exposure during the flight and to the subsequent urinary excretion of cotinine. In addition, subjects' perceptions of annoyance and smokiness in the airplane cabin were also related to in-flight nicotine exposure and urinary excretion measures.
Air Pollutants↗
Vitamin E deficiency neuropathy in children with fat malabsorption. Studies in cystic fibrosis and chronic cholestasis.
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Cholestasis↗
Framework invasion by laryngeal carcinoma.
Invasion of the laryngeal framework by cancer implies a tumor that has spread beyond the bounds of the organ of origin, which may affect the outcome of the disease. Framework invasion almost invariably takes place in ossified or calcified cartilage, and the reason for this has never before been adequately explained. The finding of increased density on some computerized tomography scans where the tumor was invading the framework stimulated this study of the mechanisms of this type of spread. One hundred fifty-eight consecutive laryngeal specimens were examined by a serial sectioning method to elucidate this. Several laryngeal specimens were examined for alkaline phosphatase in the tissues, and two specimens were examined for collagenase. A method of tetracycline labeling was used to measure the amount of osteoblastic activity in another two specimens. Framework invasion occurred mainly at the glottic level and exclusively in ossified or calcified cartilage. This type of invasion was associated with osteoblastic activity which appeared to be at least partially mediated by tumor-produced alkaline phosphatase. Osteoclastic activity took place hand-in-hand with the former process, and at this stage, tumor remained outside the perichondrium. Tetracycline labeling confirmed active bone deposition in these areas and appeared to explain the finding of increased ossification seen on computerized tomography scans where early invasion was taking place.
Humans↗
Comparison of digoxin-like immunoreactive substance cross-reactivity with two digoxin immunoassays in normotensive third trimester pregnancy.
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Blood Proteins↗
Maternal and childhood nutrition among Aborigines of the Kimberley region.
A cross-sectional anthropometric survey of 128 Aboriginal children under five years of age and of 388 Aboriginal girls and women of child-bearing age was undertaken in seven communities in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia. More than 20% of the children were undernourished, three individuals severely so. All but one of those who were undernourished were over 12 months of age. Less than 60% of the female subjects of child-bearing age had a satisfactory nutritional status; one-sixth were undernourished and one-quarter, mostly older women, were overweight. The findings indicate that poor nutrition is widespread among Aboriginal female subjects of child-bearing age. Maternal malnutrition may contribute significantly to unsatisfactory nutrition and health in Aboriginal infants and young children.
Adolescent↗
Characterisation of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylinositol sonicated vesicles. Effects of phospholipid composition on vesicle size.
Phosphatidylinositol (PI), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and mixed lipid (DPPC plus PI) sonicated vesicles have been prepared covering a range of composition. The vesicles were characterised by gel filtration, electron microscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. The dimensions of the vesicles as measured by electron microscopy were in good accord with those obtained from photon correlation spectroscopy measurements. The number average diameters of the vesicles increase on increasing the PI content and range from approx. 30-80 nm as the weight % of PI is increased from 0 to 100. Gel filtration on Sepharose 4B columns gave anomalous results indicating that PI-containing vesicles were retarded on the gel possibly due to an interaction between the inositol headgroup and the gel matrix. Electrophoretic measurements on multilamellar vesicles show that the surface charge density increases with the PI content of the vesicles upto 50 weight % PI and remains constant thereafter. The radii of sonicated vesicles also increase with PI content which reflects a decreasing liposome curvature with increasing surface charge density.
Chromatography, Gel↗
Lectin-mediated agglutination of liposomes containing glycophorin. Effect of acyl chain length.
Glycophorin from human erythrocytes has been incorporated into liposomes of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC). The thermal properties of unsonicated liposomes with glycophorin/lipid molar ratios up to 4.10(-3) have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and the numbers of lipids withdrawn from participation in the gel-to-lamellar phase transition were found to be 42 +/- 22 (DMPC), 197 +/- 28 (DPPC) and 240 +/- 64 (DSPC). The initial rates of agglutination of sonicated liposomes with glycophorin/lipid molar ratios up to 4.10(-3) by wheat germ agglutinin in the concentration range 0-7 microM have been measured over a range of temperature. Below the gel-to-lamellar phase transition (Tc) the rates of agglutination increase with acyl chain length in the sequence DMPC less than DPPC less than DSPC. Agglutination is found to be second order in liposome concentration and is completely reversed on saturation of the wheat germ agglutinin-binding sites by N-acetylglucosamine. Agglutination rates decrease with increasing temperature below Tc and are largely independent of temperature above Tc. The results are discussed in relation to the clustering of glycophorin in the phospholipid bilayers and its effect on binding and subsequent interliposomal bridge formation by wheat germ agglutinin.
Agglutination↗