Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

K H Brown

Publications and source records attributed to K H Brown.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Acceptability, safety, and digestibility of spray-dried bovine serum added to diets of recovering malnourished children.

BACKGROUND: Specially collected, spray-dried bovine and porcine blood plasma have been incorporated previously in feeds of weanling farm animals, resulting in increased dietary intakes and greater rates of weight gain than observed in control animals. Before conducting similar trials in human populations, preliminary studies have been completed to assess the acceptability, safety, and digestibility of processed animal plasma in young children. METHODS: Masked study diets were provided sequentially to each of ten young, Peruvian children recovering from severe protein-energy malnutrition during three randomly ordered 7-day dietary periods. The control diet was prepared from rice, milk, vegetable oil, and sugar; the two study diets included spray-dried, bovine serum concentrate to replace either 25% or 50% of the milk protein of the control diet. Urine and feces were collected quantitatively during the last four days of each diet period to assess stool weight, apparent absorption of macronutrients, and retention of nitrogen. RESULTS: All children consumed the entire amounts offered of each of the diets. The mean number of daily bowel movements and mean apparent absorption and retention of nitrogen and mean apparent absorption of carbohydrate were similar for each diet. Fractional absorption of dietary lipid and of total energy increased significantly in relation to the amount of bovine serum concentrate in the diet, although this might be explained by the simultaneous replacement of milk fat with additional vegetable oil. CONCLUSIONS: Each of the diets was well accepted by the study children, and there was no evidence of any adverse effects of bovine serum concentrate.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Impact of zinc supplementation on morbidity from diarrhea and respiratory infections among rural Guatemalan children.

OBJECTIVE: A community-based, randomized, double-blind intervention trial was conducted to measure the impact of zinc supplementation on young Guatemalan children's morbidity from diarrhea and respiratory infections. METHODS: Children aged 6 to 9 months were randomly assigned to receive 4 mL of a beverage containing 10 mg of zinc (as zinc sulfate) daily (7 d/wk) for 7 months (n = 45) or a placebo (n = 44). Morbidity data were collected daily. Diagnoses of diarrhea, fever, and anorexia were based on mothers' definitions. Respiratory infections were defined as the presence of at least two of the following symptoms: runny nose, cough, wheezing, difficulty breathing, or fever. RESULTS: High rates of diarrhea and respiratory infections were reported. Children from the placebo group had a 20% episodic prevalence of diarrhea, with 8 episodes/100 d, and a 7% episodic prevalence of respiratory infections, with 3 episodes/100 d. The median incidence of diarrhea among children who received zinc supplementation was reduced by 22% (Wilcoxon rank test), with larger reductions among boys and among children with weight-for-length at baseline lower than the median of the sample (39% reductions in both subgroups). Zinc supplementation also produced a 67% reduction in the percentage of children who had one or more episodes of persistent diarrhea (chi2 test). No significant effects were found on the episodic prevalence of diarrhea, the number of days per episode, or the episodic prevalence or incidence of respiratory infections. CONCLUSIONS: The large impact of zinc supplementation on diarrhea incidence suggests that young, rural Guatemalan children may be zinc deficient and that zinc supplementation may be an effective intervention to improve their health and growth.

Deficiency Diseases↗
PubMed1996

Feeding practices and growth among low-income Peruvian infants: a comparison of internationally-recommended definitions.

BACKGROUND: Data from a longitudinal study of 153 low-income Peruvian infants were used to assess the relationship between internationally-recommended definitions of feeding practices and infants' monthly weight gain and weight status at 12 months. METHODS: Infants were classified into feeding categories using monthly reported data. Analysis of variance was used to assess the relationship between reported usual feeding practices and growth. Reported breastfeeding practices were compared to observed breastfeeding practices and to weighted breast milk intakes to determine the validity of recommended breastfeeding definitions. RESULTS: Breastfed infants who consumed non-human milks during the first month of life gained less weight during that month (P < 0.002) than exclusively and predominantly breastfed infants. Reported daily nursing frequency was associated with observed nursing frequency and breast milk energy intake (P < 0.05) for infants < 9 months old. Patterns of growth varied according to early diets. Infants who consumed breast milk and non-human milks and those who were fully weaned by 4 months were more likely to be underweight at 12 months than other infants. Infants classified as token breastfeeders ( < or = 3 times/24 hours) from 0 to 120 days had monthly gains that were similar to those of fully weaned infants. CONCLUSIONS: Infants feeding definitions should 1) continue to differentiate exclusively breastfed infants from other infants who are almost exclusively or predominantly breastfed; 2) distinguish partially breastfed infants who consume only non-breastfeeding frequency or the % of their total daily energy that comes from breast milk.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

Effect of postpartum maternal infection on proteins and trace elements in colostrum and early milk.

In developing countries, maternal infections during lactation are common. In this study, we evaluated the effect of acute maternal postpartum infection on the composition of colostrum and early milk with special emphasis on milk proteins and trace elements. The study was carried out in two maternity hospitals in Lima, Peru. Subjects were normally nourished women (body mass index (BMI) > 20.0) who intended to exclusively breastfeed their child and who had fever and clinical symptoms of infection within the first 48 h postpartum (n = 34). Non-ill women of similar characteristics were selected as controls (n = 23). Blood and milk samples were taken on days 1 and 14 postpartum. An acute phase response was confirmed by significantly increased serum levels of C-reactive protein in infected women. Serum zinc levels increased significantly from day 1 to day 14, but were not affected by infection. Serum copper levels were significantly higher in ill women than in non-ill women on day 1. All participating women were breastfeeding on day 14. Whey protein levels, the whey/casein ratio and total protein levels decreased significantly with time, but were not affected by infection. There were no differences in milk iron or copper levels with time or infection. Milk zinc levels decreased significantly with time, but were not affected by infection. Maternal infection during the early postpartum period does not appear to adversely affect the initiation of lactation or milk protein and trace element contents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Do exclusively breast-fed infants require extra protein?

It has been argued that the growth rate of exclusively breast-fed infants may be limited by their protein intake. This issue was examined using data from an intervention study in Honduras in which infants were randomly assigned to be exclusively breast-fed for the first 6 mo (EBF; n = 50), or to receive preprepared solid foods (including egg yolk) in addition to breast milk beginning at 4 mo (n = 91). Neither weight gain nor length gain from 4 to 6 mo differed between groups despite a 20% higher protein intake (as well as significantly higher intakes of iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A, and riboflavine) in the latter group. The 20 infants with the highest protein intakes in that group were matched to 20 EBF infants on the basis of energy intake; protein intake was 1.46 +/- 0.09 versus 1.10 +/- 0.17 g/kg/d, respectively (p < 0.001), but growth rate did not differ between groups. Similarly, the 20 infants with the lowest protein intakes in the EBF group were matched (by energy intake) to 20 infants given solid foods; protein intake was very low in the former compared with the latter (0.81 +/- 0.13 versus 1.04 +/- 0.20 g/kg/d; p < 0.001), yet there was still no difference in growth. Infant morbidity was relatively low and did not influence the results. These analyses indicate that protein intake is not likely to be a limiting factor with regard to growth of breast-fed infants from 4 to 6 mo of age.

Body Height↗
PubMed1996

Protein requirements of infants and children: growth during recovery from malnutrition.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the adequacy of protein intakes now recommended as safe for infants and toddlers. METHODS: Subjects were recovering malnourished infants, age 5.3 to 17.9 months, length age (LA) 2.5 to 6.4 months, weight age (WA) 1.5 to 5.2 months, weight/length (W/L) 78% to 100% of National Center for Health Statistics data; and toddlers age 11.4 to 31.6 months, LA 6.1 to 17.9 months, WA 3.9 to 12.0 months, W/L 79% to 99%. Infants were assigned at random to formulas with 5.5%, 6.7%, or 8.0% energy as 60:40 whey:casein protein. The 5.5% was based on FAO-WHO-UNU safe protein and average energy for ages 2.5 to 6.0 months. Toddlers received 4.7% (recommended for 6 to 18 months), 6.4%, or 8.0%. Identical concentrations (weight/kcal) of other nutrients were maintained; intakes were adjusted weekly to reach, in 90 days, the 50th percentile of weight for a LA 3 months greater than the initial one. RESULTS: Infants consumed 125 +/- 11 (SD), 116 +/- 10, and 126 +/- kcal and 1.7 +/- 0.1, 1.9 +/- 0.2, and 2.5 +/- 0.3 g protein kg-1 . d-1; gained 2.4 +/- 0.7, 2.9 +/- 0.7, and 2.6 +/- 0.5 months in LA, and reached a W/L of 105 +/- 5, 103 +/- 6, and 105 +/- 5% of reference. Sum of four fat-folds (sigma FF) grew 13.1 +/- 6.9, 10.4 +/- 4.8, and 11.7 +/- 5.3 mm to 32.5 +/- 5.2, 31.7 +/- 4.7, and 30.5 +/- 5.5 mm; arm muscle areas (AMA) 57%, 51%, 70% to 1004 +/- 109, 1017 +/- 110, and 1004 +/- 116 mm2, still low; arm fat areas (AFA) 93%, 66%, and 93% to higher-than-normal 598 +/- 105, 610 +/- 101, and 541 +/- 116 mm2. Regression of intake on weight gain estimated energy for maintenance + activity to be 81.0 +/- 7.5 (SEM) kcal . kg-1 . d-1, and cost of gain (storage + metabolic cost) as 7.6 +/- 1.7 kcal/g, with no significant effect of % protein. Toddlers consumed 107 +/- 9, 103 +/- 12, and 105 +/- 10 kcal and 1.3 +/- 0.1, 1.6 +/- 0.2, and 2.1 +/- 0.2 g protein . kg-1 . d-1, gained 3.3 +/- 0.7, 2.9 +/- 0.6, and 3.3 +/- 0.7 months in LA; to a W/L of 102 +/- 1, 102 +/- 3, and 101 +/- 4%. Sigma FF grew 9.2 +/- 4.0, 7.4 +/- 4.3, and 6.0 +/- 3.8 to 28.9 +/- 5.2, 30.5 +/- 3.7, and 27.0 +/- 2.7 mm; AMA 31%, 33%, and 34% to 1121 +/- 115, 1124 +/- 110, and 1117 +/- 120 mm2; AFA 53%, 44%, and 45% to higher-than normal 578 +/- 106, 636 +/- 99, and 569 +/- 68 mm2. Cost of maintenance + activity was 70.8 +/- 3.8 (SEM) kcal . kg-1 . d-1, that of weight gain 9.7 +/- 1.35 kcal/g, with no effect of % protein. CONCLUSIONS: Within age groups, there were no significant protein-related differences in growth. In both infants and toddlers, high-energy intakes resulted in mild obesity, with lean body mass still deficient. Protein intakes two SD below the means in the lowest protein/energy cells, 1.5 g . kg-1 . d-1 for infants and 1.1 g times kg-1 . d-1 for toddlers, should still be safe for nearly all children of comparable biological ages.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1995

Prenatal molecular diagnosis of Gaucher disease.

Prenatal diagnosis of Gaucher disease, the most prevalent glycolipid storage disease, is based on a reliable enzyme assay of cells from amniocentesis or chorionic villous samples. However, this method cannot differentiate among the various forms of the disease. This report details four cases of prenatal diagnosis of Gaucher disease, three of which predate the use of molecular diagnosis. DNA mutation analysis to determine the genotype was predictive of the phenotypic status of the fetus and conformed to the genotype of an affected proband where available.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Validity and epidemiology of reported poor appetite among Peruvian infants from a low-income, periurban community.

To assess the validity of maternal reports of poor infant appetite, these histories were compared with measured energy consumption on 1621 d of observation of 131 Peruvian infants in a low-income community. Mean (+/- SD) total energy intakes on days with reported anorexia were 338 +/- 88 kJ/kg body wt in infants 1-6 mo of age and 299 +/- 92 kJ/kg body wt in infants aged > 6 mo compared with 395 +/- 92 and 342 +/- 88 kJ/kg body wt in the respective age groups when appetites were reportedly normal (P < 0.001). Energy intake from non-breast-milk sources was more affected than energy from breast milk. The epidemiology of poor appetite was assessed in 153 infants who were monitored longitudinally during their first year of life. The prevalence of reported anorexia increased progressively from 22 to 317/1000 d of observation from < 1 to 11 mo of age. Infant age and the presence of fever, diarrhea, and respiratory illnesses were each associated negatively with the presence of reduced appetite. Poor appetite, rather than lack of food, may explain in part the low energy intakes by infants in this community.

Anorexia↗
PubMed1995

Maternal anthropometric status and lactation performance in a low-income Honduran population: evidence for the role of infants.

As part of a study on the optimal timing of complementary feeding in Honduras, we assessed breast milk volume and composition at 4, 5, and 6 mo in 141 low-income women who were randomly assigned to exclusively breast-feed for the first 6 mo or to complement breast milk with prepared solid foods beginning at 4 mo. Milk volume averaged 797 +/- 139 g/d at 4 mo. Maternal body mass index was positively associated with infant birth weight and milk energy density. In multivariate analyses in which group assignment was controlled for, milk volume was positively associated with birth weight but negatively associated with milk energy density. Infant breast milk energy intake was positively associated with birth weight and milk energy density. Maternal anthropometric status was not a significant predictor of milk volume or infant energy intake when birth weight and milk energy density were included in the models. These results indicate that infant characteristics, such as birth weight and the ability to self-regulate intake in response to milk energy density, mediate the relationship between maternal anthropometric status and lactation performance.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1995

Effects of dietary energy density and feeding frequency on total daily energy intakes of recovering malnourished children.

To develop recommendations for the design of special foods for young children, we measured total daily energy consumption from semisolid food mixtures with energy densities of 1.67, 2.93, 4.18, or 6.28 kJ/g (0.4, 0.7, 1.0, or 1.5 kcal/g) and that were fed ad libitum three, four, or five times per day to 18 fully weaned children from 6 to 18 mo of age who were recovering in the hospital from malnutrition. The diets were generally indistinguishable by sensory qualities, and were fed in a randomized sequence. The mean amounts consumed (g.kg body wt-1.d-1) were significantly less with successively greater energy density of the diet (P < 0.001). The total daily consumption was approximately 16% more when the number of meals was increased from three to four per day, with energy density controlled for (P < 0.001), and 7% more when the feeding frequency rose from four to five meals per day (P = 0.005). The total daily energy intakes (kJ.kg body wt-1.d-1) increased significantly with the more concentrated diets (P < 0.001) and varied positively in relation to feeding frequency (P < 0.001). Approximately 15-20 min were required per meal for the children to reach satiety. The total amount of time required to feed the children each day was related to the number of meals served (P < 0.001) and not to energy density. Implications for child feeding are discussed.

Defecation↗
PubMed1995

Effect of acute maternal infection on quantity and composition of breast milk.

To investigate the potential effects of maternal infection during lactation on breast-milk quantity and composition, we examined low-income Peruvian women who had an acute febrile infection and were exclusively breast-feeding a child from 1 to 6 mo of age (n = 36). Women who were not ill (n = 38) served as controls; all women had body mass indexes (in kg/m2) > 19.5. Blood and milk samples were collected on days 1, 7, and 14 after identification of the episode of illness. C-reactive protein in maternal serum was significantly elevated by infection, whereas two other acute-phase reactants, ceruloplasmin and alpha 2-macroglobulin, showed no change. Serum zinc concentrations were significantly lower in ill women than in women who were not ill, whereas serum copper concentrations were elevated initially in ill women. Serum iron concentrations increased significantly with time, but there was no significant difference between groups. Milk intake, as assessed by 12-h test-weighing, was not affected by the infection. Concentrations of milk total protein, casein, and whey proteins were similar in the two groups and there was no significant effect of illness on milk trace element concentrations. Thus, acute maternal infections during established lactation did not affect milk volume, milk protein, or trace element concentrations, despite expected changes in serum protein and trace element concentrations.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Potential for misclassification of infants' usual feeding practices using 24-hour dietary assessment methods.

Feeding patterns of 131 low income Peruvian infants were assessed by 1574 single-day studies (12-h observations plus 12-h recall) of dietary intake and by mothers' monthly reports of usual feeding practices to determine whether feeding pattern classification depends on the assessment method used. Results suggest that single-day studies produce a different view of feeding practices than do mothers' reports of usual behavior. Exclusive breast-feeding in infants younger than 4 mo was observed 25% more often than reported. Non-human milk consumption was reported 30% more often than observed. Disagreement between reported and observed practices was related by logistic regression analyses to mother's age and education, number of children younger than 5 y in the home and infant age and illness on the observation day. Most disagreement between reported and observed behavior could have been due to daily variation in feeding practices. Consumption during the past 24 h should not be used alone as the basis for classifying infant feeding practices in survey research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Delaying the introduction of complementary food until 6 months does not affect appetite or mother's report of food acceptance of breast-fed infants from 6 to 12 months in a low income, Honduran population.

Low income, primiparous mothers who had exclusively breast-fed for 4 mo were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) continued exclusive breast-feeding to 6 mo (EBF), 2) introduction of complementary foods at 4 mo, with ad libitum nursing 4-6 mo (SF), and 3) introduction of complementary foods at 4 mo, with maintenance of base-line nursing frequency 4-6 mo (SF-M). After the intervention phase (4-6 mo; n= 141), home visits were conducted for a subsample at 9 (n = 60) and 12 (n = 123) mo. At each visit, an observer recorded infant food intake at the midday meal and interviewed the mother regarding usual feeding patterns and the infant's acceptance of 20 common food items. All but two infants (1.5%) were breast-fed to 9 mo and all but eight (6%) to 12 mo. There were no significant differences among groups in breast-feeding frequency, amount or number of foods consumed at the midday meal, percentage of food offered that was consumed, usual daily number of meals and snacks, number of food groups consumed, or overall food acceptance score. Frequency of consumption of foods from eight different food groups (dairy, meats, eggs, grains, beans, fruits, vegetables, tubers) was not significantly different among groups except that, at 9 mo only, the SF group (but not the SF-M group) consumed more vegetables than did the EBF group. These results indicate that delaying the introduction of complementary foods until 6 mo does not adversely affect appetite or food acceptance among breast-fed infants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Growth of breast-fed infants deviates from current reference data: a pooled analysis of US, Canadian, and European data sets. World Health Organization Working Group on Infant Growth.

OBJECTIVE: To compare growth patterns of a large sample of breast-fed infants with the current World Health Organization (WHO)/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reference data. METHODS: Data from seven longitudinal studies of infant growth in North America and northern Europe were pooled (n = 453 breast-fed infants). Weight, length and head circumference were compared with the WHO/CDC reference, and repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine associations between growth patterns and breast-feeding duration, age of introduction of solid foods, and use of other milks. RESULTS: In comparison with WHO/CDC reference data, infants breast-fed for at least 12 months (n = 226) grew more rapidly in the first 2 months and less rapidly (particularly in weight) from 3 to 12 months; the mean z score at 12 months was -0.53 for weight for age, -0.29 for length for age, and -0.32 for weight for length. In contrast, mean head circumference was well above the WHO/CDC median throughout the first year of life. These patterns were generally consistent across studies. In the full sample (n = 453), a longer duration of breast-feeding was associated with a greater decline in weight for age and weight for length but not length for age. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that if growth charts are to reflect patterns consistent with those of infants following WHO feeding recommendations, new reference data based on breast-fed infants are needed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Determinants of growth from birth to 12 months among breast-fed Honduran infants in relation to age of introduction of complementary foods.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of introducing complementary foods to exclusively breast-fed infants at 4 vs 6 months on growth from 6 to 12 months, and to compare growth patterns of Honduran infants with those of breast-fed infants in the United States. DESIGN: Randomized intervention trial from 4 to 6 months and longitudinal study of infants from birth to 12 months. SETTING: Low-income communities in San Pedro Sula, Honduras. SUBJECTS: Primiparous, breast-feeding mothers and their infants (n = 141) recruited from public maternity hospitals. INTERVENTION: Infants were randomly assigned to exclusive breast-feeding to 6 months, or exclusive breast-feeding with addition of hygienically prepared, nutritionally adequate complementary foods at 4 months, with or without maintenance of baseline breast-feeding frequency. After 6 months, mothers continued to breast-feed and also fed their infants home-prepared foods after receiving instruction in appropriate feeding practices. OUTCOME MEASURES: Infant weight was measured monthly during the first year of life and infant length monthly from 4 to 12 months. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Growth parameters were compared between the Honduran and US cohorts using multiple-regression and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify determinants of infant growth. RESULTS: There were no differences in growth patterns by intervention group. Mean birth weight of the Honduran infants was significantly less than that of a cohort of breast-fed infants in an affluent US population (n = 46) (2889 +/- 482 vs 3611 +/- 509 g), but the Honduran infants exhibited rapid catch up in weight in the first few months of life, and the cohorts were similar in weight by 3 months. Mean weight and length gain were similar to those of the US cohort from 4 to 9 months but were lower from 9 to 12 months. Mean length for age was significantly less than that of the US cohort from 4 to 12 months; this was attributable to the difference in maternal height (12 cm shorter in Honduras on average). Within the Honduran cohort, growth velocity of low birth weight infants (< 2500 g; n = 28) was similar to that of their normal birth weight peers; thus, the former subgroup remained smaller than the latter throughout the first year of life. CONCLUSIONS: In poor populations, when breast-feeding is exclusive for the first 4 to 6 months, continues from 6 to 12 months, and is accompanied by generally adequate complementary foods, faltering in weight does not occur before 9 months among infants born with birth weights of more than 2500 g.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Clinical trial of glucose-oral rehydration solution (ORS), rice dextrin-ORS, and rice flour-ORS for the management of children with acute diarrhea and mild or moderate dehydration.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of glucose (G)-oral rehydration solution (ORS), rice dextrin (RD)-ORS, and rice flour (RF)-ORS on fluid intake, rapidity of rehydration, and stool output of children with acute diarrhea and mild or moderate dehydration. METHODS: The study was a randomized, double-masked clinical trial. One hundred forty-six male infants, ages 3 to 36 months, were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Clinical evaluations and fluid balances were conducted every 2 to 4 hours for 48 hours. Principal outcome variables were ORS consumption, recovery of hydration status, and fecal output. RESULTS: The groups were similar at admission with regard to age, nutritional status, history of the current episode, and clinical status. There were no differences in ORS consumption by treatment group during any period of study. During the first 6-hour period, patients in group RF had less stool output (16 +/- 14 g/kg/body weight) than those in group G (22 +/- 20 g/kg) or RD (21 +/- 19 g/kg; P < .05). After 12 hours of hospitalization, there were no differences by treatment group. Recovery of hydration status, changes in serum sodium and potassium, and duration of diarrhea in the hospital were similar in all three groups. CONCLUSION: There was a 24% to 27% reduction in stool output during the first 6 hours of treatment among children who received RF-ORS compared with those who received G-ORS or RD-ORS, but this effect did not persist after the first 12 hours of therapy. Because this difference was of small magnitude and limited duration, it has minor clinical importance. Thus, we conclude that the three solutions had similar efficacy for children with acute, watery diarrhea and mild or moderate dehydration.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution in adolescent girls of four ethnic groups.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in adolescent girls from four ethnic groups. SUBJECTS: The cross-sectional sample included 498 American adolescent girls from four ethnic groups: Mexican (n = 327), European (White, n = 81), Asian (n = 63, all except two Filipino), and African (Black, n = 27). Ages ranged from 11 to 18 years, but 98% of the sample was 12 to 17 years of age. MEASUREMENTS: Body mass, stature and four skinfolds were measured on each girl by a single observer. Three ratios of SAT distribution were derived: the ratio of the sum of the two T (subscapular + suprailiac) to the sum of the two E (triceps + medial calf) skinfolds (T/E ratio); the ratio of the two T to the sum of four skinfolds (T/SUM ratio); and the ratio of the subscapular to the triceps skinfolds (S/T ratio). Principal components analysis was also used to evaluate SAT distribution. RESULTS: Adolescent girls in the four ethnic groups differed significantly in the three skinfold ratios and in the first principal component, which contrasted trunk and extremity skinfolds. The sequence from proportionally more to proportionally less trunk SAT was as follows: Asian > Mexican > White > Black. Two other principal components were identified, one contrasting the upper and lower extremity skinfolds and the other contrasting the upper and lower trunk skinfolds, but ethnic differences in these two components were not significant.

Adipose Tissue↗