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Biomedical subjects

K Gyr

Publications and source records attributed to K Gyr.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Effect of intravenous somatostatin on stool output in diarrhea due to Vibrio cholerae.

Somatostatin has been shown to inhibit intestinal secretion induced by a variety of secretagogues. The ability of somatostatin to reduce stool output in patients with cholera was therefore investigated in a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Twenty-two patients with severe purging due to infection with Vibrio cholerae (less than or equal to 12.5 ml/kg X h) received either somatostatin at a dose of 250 micrograms/h in saline (n = 12) or placebo (n = 10). The study drug was given for 12 h followed by a control period of the same duration. No difference in stool output was apparent between somatostatin- and placebo-treated groups. No side effects of somatostatin were observed. It is concluded that somatostatin is ineffective as an antidiarrheal agent in Asiatic cholera in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The effect of an octapeptide somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) and somatostatin-14 (SST-14) on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion: a comparative study in man.

Using an open, randomised study design, the efficacy and tolerance of SMS 201-995 (a synthetic octapeptide SST-14 analogue with a plasma half-life of 45 min) was compared with that of SST-14 in inhibiting pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. In 10 healthy volunteers gastric acid secretion was stimulated for 3.5 hours by an infusion of 3 microgram kg-1 h-1 pentagastrin. One hour after the start of pentagastrin a 2-hour i.v. infusion of either SST-14 (3.5 microgram kg-1 h-1) or one of 4 dosages of SMS 201-995 (0.14, 0.28, 0.56 or 1.12 microgram kg-1 h-1) was started. SMS 201-995 inhibited acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition achieved with the 0.56 and 1.12 microgram kg-1 h-1 dosages was comparable with that obtained with 3.5 microgram kg-1 h-1 SST-14. SMS 201-995 (1.12 microgram kg-1 h-1) appeared to have a longer duration of action than SST-14. No side effects were recorded under either of the test substances.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Toxin receptors and their pathogenetic significance.

The pathogenetic significance of toxin receptor interaction in disease is examplified by infectious diarrhoea. The world-wide problem of infectious diarrhoea is presented with regard to epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology. Enterotoxigenic diarrhoea is examined in the light of recent knowledge on toxin receptor interaction, which has greatly contributed to new vaccine as well as drug development in this disease condition.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1984

[Physiopathology of infectious diarrhea].

The pathogenetic mechanisms of acute infectious diarrhoea are reviewed. Not much is known with respect to viral diarrhoea. Parasites obviously cause diarrhoea, mainly by invasion of the intestinal mucosa. Bacteria act either by invasion or by production of enterotoxins and cytotoxins.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1984

[Nonspecific therapy of acute infectious diarrhea].

The non-specific therapy of acute infectious diarrhoea is outlined with regard to the mechanism of action and effectiveness. Special attention is given to rehydratation therapy and oral rehydration mainly. Among the groups of adsorbents, agents acting on intestinal flora and agents interfering at the toxin receptor site, Bismuth-subsalicylate is about the only substance with a proven efficacy.

Aluminum Hydroxide↗
PubMed1983

[Endocrinology of exocrine pancreas function].

Recent advances in knowledge of the hormonal control of exocrine pancreatic secretion are discussed in the light of two main mechanisms of action: first, the effect of the main regulatory peptides on the exocrine pancreas, and second, the inhibitory mechanisms which may affect pancreatic secretion. A synthesis of the regulatory principles controlling exocrine pancreatic secretion is attempted.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1983

[Parasitic diarrheas].

The role of parasites as etiologic agents in diarrhoea is emphasized. In countries of Western Europe, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia are the most prevalent species, although some other 20 protozoans and helminths may lead to diarrhoeic disturbances. Parasitology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, and therapy are briefly outlined. The need for competence on the part of the personnel responsible for laboratory diagnosis is emphasized; also, newly developed immunodiagnostic methods may render appreciable services in doubtful cases. Adequate therapy yields successful results in over 90% of the cases.

Amebiasis↗
PubMed1983

Epidemiology of diarrhea in travelers.

To investigate diarrhea in tourists on a worldwide scale, 16,568 passengers were interviewed during their flights home from 13 destinations in various climatic regions. Significant differences in diarrheal incidence were observed between individual destinations and also between hotels in the same area. The highest rates exceeded 50%. Younger persons were more often affected. Sex, travel characteristics, and a record of former tropical journeys influenced the incidence to a minor degree. Even in the tropics, diarrhea usually takes a short (average, 3.6 days) and mild (average of 4.6 stools per day) course. Prophylactic or therapeutic medication only slightly influenced these values. The various regions showed minor differences in chronology and symptomatology. This is consistent with quantitative rather than qualitative geographic variations in causative agents. The traditional nutritional recommendations for prophylaxis seemed to be unrealistic and usually unsuccessful.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

[Diagnostic value of the determination of serum amylase and serum lipase in suspected acute onset of acute or chronic pancreatitis].

In a prospective study the value of serum amylase and serum lipase determination has been analyzed in 19 patients with an acute episode of acute or chronic pancreatitis and in 19 patients with acute abdomen not due to pancreatitis. The concentration of urinary amylase and the urinary output of amylase in the spot urine as well as after a two-hour collection period have also been examined. The normal values were determined in 21 healthy volunteers and the reproducibility of the various parameters was analyzed after 1 hour and 25 hours in these volunteers. For diagnosis of an acute episode of chronic pancreatitis serum amylase was found to have good sensitivity, but a specificity inferior to that of serum lipase. By contrast, the specificity of serum lipase is excellent. Unlike determination of serum enzymes, measurement of urinary enzymes in all variations does not offer any further advantage. Except for the combination of serum amylase and serum lipase, none of the other tested combinations provides further diagnostic information. The examination of spot urine samples is not inferior to the 2-hour urine specimen. For the time being the combination of serum amylase and serum lipase determination is again recommended for diagnostic routine in patients with an acute episode of pancreatitis.

Abdomen, Acute↗
PubMed1983

Effect of adding albumin to solutions of somatostatin on inhibiting pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in dogs.

In five conscious dogs with chronic gastric fistulas we studied the effect of somatostatin solutions on pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion. Somatostatin was dissolved in 0.154 M NaCl alone or in the same amount of saline to which dog albumin had been added to give a 0.5% solution. Somatostatin produced a dose-dependent inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion. However, the inhibition was significantly less when somatostatin was dissolved in saline as compared to saline plus albumin. This study suggests that albumin should be added to somatostatin solutions to preserve biological activity, and it confirms previous reports indicating that, without albumin, basic peptides have a tendency to stick to infusion systems.

Albumins↗
PubMed1983

Infectious diarrhoea and gastrointestinal hormones: potential therapeutic implications.

The gastrointestinal hormones, which are continuously increasing in number, have certain effects which could play a part in the pathogenesis of infectious diarrhoea. This refers especially to VIP, motilin, and enteroglucagon, the plasma concentrations of which are elevated in acute infectious diarrhoea, cholera, and tropical malabsorption. They may act by stimulating intestinal secretion, inhibiting absorption, and altering intestinal motility. In addition, there are some hormonal effects such as those caused by glucagon on motility, by enkephalins on secretion, and by somatostatin on both, which have a therapeutic potential and deserve further investigation.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1983

Malaria at the University Hospital and the St.-Clara Hospital, Basel, in the period of 1970-1979.

History, chemoprophylaxis, symptoms, signs, and therapy in 40 malaria patients hospitalised at the University Hospital and the St.-Clara Hospital, Basel, in the period of 1970 to 1979 are reported. These patients have been infected to a major part (85%) in Africa. 36 of them are Europeans and only 4 are citizens of a nation with endemic malaria. 64% of the identified Plasmodia were P. falciparum. Special interest is focused on the problems of intensive care of the 13 cases of malaria with severe course. Main problems were: chemotherapy, impaired consciousness, steroids in cerebral malaria, diffuse intravascular coagulation, and renal insufficiency. These problems are discussed and compared with international literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Biliary tract disorders. Postsurgical syndromes.

Cholecystectomy with or without bile duct exploration for cholelithiasis is the most commonly performed operation on the biliary tract. Postoperative symptoms can arise from biliary disorders or extrabiliary disorders, the latter mostly unrecognized pre-existing diseases. Bile but stones are the most frequent biliary organic cause for postoperative symptoms. They can be prevented by appropriate preoperative tests. Reoperation should be considered only after conservative methods of treatment (antegrade stone extraction, endoscopic papillotomy with or without retrograde stone extraction, flushing and local medical treatment with monooctanoin) have failed or wherever the causative pathology cannot be otherwise treated. Papillotomy and choledocho-duodenostomy (side-to-side) are performed when the papilla is obstructed (by stone or stenosis). While the late results of papillotomy are good and re-stenosis is rare, choledocho-duodenostomy (side-to-side) may give rise to typical postoperative symptoms due to the choledochal blind-sack. The reported frequency of this syndrome, however, varies from author to author. If postoperative symptoms occur after choledocho/hepatico-jejunostomy (end-to-side) they mainly reflect a recurrence of the underlying disease (benign stricture, biliary tract tumour) rather than a sequel of the operation itself. The significance of postoperative biliary metabolic and functional disorders is not yet clear.

Ampulla of Vater↗
PubMed1983

[Addition of albumin to solutions of cholecystokinin (CCK)--effect on pancreatic secretion, plasma CCK level and release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP)].

Dissolving basic peptides such as insulin, secretin, and somatostatin in albumin-containing solutions increases the biologic potency. As CCK-33 also constitutes a basic peptide, it should have similar qualities. In four conscious dogs with chronic gastric and pancreatic Thomas fistulas, we studied the effect of CCK-33 solutions with and without addition of albumin on pancreatic secretin, plasma PP concentration, CCK-like immunoreactivity in plasma and infusion lines. The response of pancreatic protein output (mg/15 min) to increasing doses of 99% pure CCK-33 (0.5; 1; 2; 4 IDU/kg/h) was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) when CCK was dissolved in 0.154 M NaCl with albumin than in NaCl alone. These results were confirmed by measuring plasma CCK-immunoreactivity by CCK-RIA and CCK-immunoreactivity in samples from tips of infusion lines by gastrin-RIA. CCK evoked PP release at increasing doses of CCK-33, which was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher when CCK was dissolved in an albumin-containing solution. There was a significant (p less than 0.02) correlation between plasma PP concentration and pancreatic protein output. Our study shows addition of albumin to solutions of CCK-33 to cause an increase of CCK-33 activity, probably by preventing adsorption of the peptide to glass and plastic surfaces. This is valid for its effect on pancreatic protein secretion as well as PP release.

Albumins↗