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Biomedical subjects

K Gupta

Publications and source records attributed to K Gupta.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Non-conventional uses of the Aintree Intubating Catheter in management of the difficult airway.

We present 14 cases, of which three have been previously reported, in which non-conventional use was made of the Aintree Intubating Catheter (AIC). In seven cases the AIC was used via a ProSeal Laryngeal mask airway (PLMA). Two patients had anticipated difficult intubation, two unexpected difficult intubation and two required rescue of an obstructed airway prior to AIC-assisted intubation. In two cases of tracheal stenosis the AIC was used as a 'long narrow tracheal tube' during fibre-optic intubation: the AIC facilitated passage through the narrowed trachea and smooth railroading of a tracheal tube. In two cases the AIC was used in an awake patient. In three cases the AIC was used successfully despite gross laryngeal oedema. In three cases attempted AIC deployment failed: two patients had undergone radiotherapy to the mouth and PLMA placement failed; in the third, supraglottic oedema prevented visualisation of the larynx. The AIC via an LMA Classic was successful in one of these cases. In all cases where the larynx was visualised the AIC was rapidly successful without complications. In eight cases the anaesthetist had no experience of the technique outside workshops. These cases demonstrate general utility of the technique and successful use of the AIC via the PLMA, in awake patients, as an adjunct to fibre-optic intubation and in patients with an oedematous larynx. Finally, cases where the combination of the PLMA and AIC was unsuccessful demonstrate the technique, like many, is not always successful.

Aged↗

Development of a fluorescence assay for the detection of L-ficolin-MASP in serum or purified samples.

A fluorescence assay for the detection of L-ficolin-MASP in human serum or purified sample was developed by measuring the cleavage of fluorescent amide substrate by L-ficolin associated MASPs bound to the lipoteichoic acid (LTA). LTA (Staphylococcus aureus DSM 20233) was coated on NuncMaxisorp microtiter plates and serum or purified sample incubated overnight at 4 degrees C to allow the L-ficolin-MASP to bind LTA. Assay conditions for binding and complete cleavage of fluorescent amide substrate were standardized. The optimum temperature, incubation time and molarity of NaCl for LTA-ficolin binding were found to be 4 degrees C for 6 h at 1 M NaCl concentration. The optimum incubation time and pH for complete cleavage of fluorescent amide substrate by LTA bound L-ficolin associated MASP were found to be 2 h at pH 8.5. LTA-ficolin binding was found to be highly specific and was inhibited completely by LTA but not with mannose. A calibration curve was prepared by using the purified ficolin-MASP complex (1 to 12 mug/ml) and could be used to find concentration of ficolin-MASP complex in normal human serum.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗

The role of magnesium as an adjuvant during general anaesthesia.

Magnesium sulphate is used extensively in the treatment of eclampsia, and is also used to treat refractory arrhythmias, asthma, myocardial ischaemia and acute respiratory failure. We studied the interaction between magnesium sulphate and the anaesthetic agents propofol, rocuronium bromide and fentanyl citrate. This randomised, double blind study was conducted in 50 patients. The magnesium group A (n = 25) received 30 mg x kg(-1) magnesium sulphate before induction of anaesthesia and 10 mg x kg(-1) continuously intra-operatively until the end of surgery. Group B (n = 25) received the same volume of isotonic saline. Propofol, rocuronium and fentanyl infusions were started and the patients lungs' were ventilated with 33% oxygen in nitrous oxide. Anaesthetic depth was maintained at a bispectral index value of between 40 and 60. Muscle relaxation was maintained at a train-of-four count of 1 throughout surgery using neuromuscular monitoring. The fentanyl infusion was titrated to haemodynamic variables: heart rate and blood pressure. We concluded that magnesium sulphate has anaesthetic, analgesic and muscle relaxation effects and significantly reduces the drug requirements of propofol, rocuronium and fentanyl during anaesthesia.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗

Parotid TB.

TB of the parotid is rare and only about 100 cases have been reported in the world literature. Often the diagnosis is made only after the surgery performed for a suspected neoplasm. We describe three patients with diffuse form of parotidTB without any evidence of tubercular focus elsewhere. Fine needle aspiration cytology confirmed the diagnosis in two cases, while the third case was diagnosed only after surgery.

Adult↗

Ischaemic necrosis of subcutaneous colonic neoesophagus: an unusual complication of presternal hypertrophic scar.

Hypertrophic scars and keloids not only pose aesthetic problems but also cause functional and anatomical dysfunction by leading to contractures and sometimes by compression of underneath structures. A 76-year-old man presented with progressive dysphagia of two months duration. Examination showed the unusual complication of a presternal hypertrophic scar, causing ischaemic necrosis of a subcutaneously-transposed colon, used for oesophageal reconstruction in a patient with inoperable carcinoma of the oesophagus. Such a complication of hypertrophic scar has never been reported in the literature.

Adenocarcinoma↗

A rare case of odontogenic myxoma in a dog.

A case of odontogenic myxoma in an old Doberman bitch involving the periodontal region of the mandible was recorded. Grossly, the tumour mass was soft and slimy, having brownish-black foci on cut surface. Histopathologically, the tumour predominantly consisted of mesenchyme-like cells with prominent nuclei and nucleoli. The tumour had abundant ground substance, rich in acid mucopolysaccharides.

Animals↗

Angiogenesis: a curse or cure?

Angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels is essential during fetal development, female reproductive cycle, and tissue repair. In contrast, uncontrolled angiogenesis promotes the neoplastic disease and retinopathies, while inadequate angiogenesis can lead to coronary artery disease. A balance between pro-angiogenic and antiangiogenic growth factors and cytokines tightly controls angiogenesis. Considerable progress has been made in identifying these molecular components to develop angiogenesis based treatments. One of the most specific and critical regulators of angiogenesis is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which regulates endothelial proliferation, permeability, and survival. Several VEGF based treatments including anti-VEGF and anti-VEGF receptor antibodies/agents are in clinical trials along with several other antiangiogenic treatments. While bevacizumab (anti-VEGF antibody) has been approved for clinical use in colorectal cancer, the side effects of antiangiogenic treatment still remain a challenge. The pros and cons of angiogenesis based treatment are discussed.

Angiogenesis Inhibitors↗

Macroinvertebrates as indicators of pollution.

Various pollution indicators of stream Ban-Ganga have been identified on the basis of presence/absence/numerical abundance at various stations. They have been categorized as pollution tolerant, facultative and pollution intolerant groups in relation with the water quality at different stations of stream.

Animals↗

More 'cries from the joints': assessment of the musculoskeletal system is poorly documented in routine paediatric clerking.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the assessment of the musculoskeletal (MSK) system in comparison with other systems in routine paediatric medical clerking. Furthermore, to survey trainee paediatricians (SPRs, specialist registrars) about their self-rated confidence in assessing the MSK system. METHODS: Case notes of consecutive general paediatric medical patients admitted to three UK hospitals over a 4-week period were assessed using a standard pro forma. All patients had been assessed by a consultant paediatrician during their admission. A postal questionnaire was sent to all SPRs in training in each of the hospitals, regarding their confidence in assessing the MSK system compared with other systems and their exposure to MSK teaching. RESULTS: Case notes of 257 patients [117 females, median age 3 yr (range 1-18 yr)] were reviewed. The most common reason for admission was acute infection, although the spectrum of other recorded diagnoses varied between hospitals. Thirteen children (5%) had an acute problem (e.g. infection) against a background of chronic disease. The case note documentation showed that cardiovascular (CVS), respiratory (RS) and gastrointestinal (GI) systems were assessed in the vast majority (>90%) of patients, irrespective of the underlying diagnosis. However, other systems were less well recorded; the trend being the same in each hospital and in descending order, the neurological system (38%), skin (32%), eyes (10%) and musculoskeletal system (4%). Only 2.7% (7/257) patients were documented to have been asked about MSK symptoms, and only 1.6% (4/257) had any documentation of joint examination--in all cases this was limited (e.g. range of movement of the knee only), and no patients had documentation of gait being examined, even in those children presenting with 'limp'. The response rate to the postal questionnaire was 60% (67/112). The self-rated confidence in MSK assessment was markedly low in comparison with other systems, even though 61/67 recalled some teaching of the MSK system as an undergraduate (61/67) or postgraduate (50/67). Of note none could recall teaching as an undergraduate in paediatric MSK assessment and where there had been postgraduate rheumatology MSK teaching this had been delivered by paediatric rheumatologists in many cases (34/50), reflecting the centres participating in the study. CONCLUSIONS: In routine general paediatric medical in-patient clerking and throughout the admission, MSK assessment was rarely documented, and even where present was limited. This contrasts markedly with other systems which were examined in most children irrespective of the presenting complaint. Self-rated confidence in MSK assessment is low amongst SPRs compared with other systems, despite most recalling some teaching. This discrepancy between teaching and clinical practice needs to be addressed in undergraduate and postgraduate training.

Adolescent↗

The effect of local-scale physical heterogeneity and nonlinear, rate-limited sorption/desorption on contaminant transport in porous media.

Nonideal transport of contaminants in porous media has often been observed in laboratory characterization studies. It has long been recognized that multiple processes associated with both physical and chemical factors can contribute to this nonideal transport behavior. To fully understand system behavior, it is important to determine the relative contributions of these multiple factors when conducting contaminant transport and fate studies. In this study, the relative contribution of physical-heterogeneity-related processes versus those of nonlinear, rate-limited sorption/desorption to the observed nonideal transport of trichloroethene in an undisturbed aquifer core was determined through a series of miscible-displacement experiments. The results of experiments conducted using the undisturbed core, collected from a Superfund site in Tucson, AZ, were compared to those obtained from experiments conducted using the same aquifer material packed homogeneously. The results indicate that both physical and chemical factors, specifically preferential flow and associated rate-limited diffusive mass-transfer and rate-limited sorption/desorption, respectively, contributed to the nonideal behavior observed for trichloroethene transport in the undisturbed core. A successful prediction of trichloroethene transport in the undisturbed core was made employing a mathematical model incorporating multiple sources of nonideal transport, using independently determined model parameters to account for the multiple factors contributing to the nonideal transport behavior. The simulation results indicate that local-scale physical heterogeneity controlled the nonideal transport behavior of trichloroethene in the undisturbed core, and that nonlinear, rate-limited sorption/desorption were of secondary importance.

Adsorption↗

Effect of inhalation of salbutamol, beclomethasone dipropionate & ipratropium bromide on mucociliary clearance in some patients with chronic stable bronchial asthma.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Asthma is now regarded as an inflammatory disease and bronchial inflammation may disrupt mucociliary function. Inhaled drugs may act by improving mucociliary function. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of salbutamol, ipratropium bromide and beclomethasone on mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic stable asthma and to compare the efficacy of these drugs on mucociliary clearance. METHODS: Ten patients with chronic stable asthma were enrolled in the study, but two patients did not complete the study. Patients with bronchial asthma were chosen on clinical grounds. (99m)Tc phytate radioaerosol generated through a nebulizer, was given to each patient on four days. After each administration the radioactivity over the thorax was constantly measured in sequential frame mode for 120 min. Radioactivity in the thorax was also measured after 24 h. A base-line pulmonary function test with reversibility was obtained. Salbutamol, ipratropium bromide, beclomethasone dipropionate and placebo inhalation were given randomly to each patient on four days. RESULTS: The mean age of patients (n = 8) was 36 +/- 9.3 yr and mean duration of symptoms was 5 +/- 6.6 yr. There was no visual impression that mucociliary clearance was enhanced with any of the drugs. The time activity curves did not show any visually recognisable change in slope. In only one patient the curve tended to show a steeper slope with ipratropium inhalation. In the rest of the patients the curves showed no difference at all with medication when compared with placebo. All the quantitative indices analyzed by two-way ANOVA at the end of one and two hours were comparable for the three test drugs and placebo. None of the three test drugs demonstrated statistically significant mucociliary clearance effect compared with placebo. However, the temporal difference in airways clearance efficiency (ACE) was significant with beclomethasone and ipratropium bromide. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Inhalation of any of the three drugs tested did not produce any immediate improvement in mucociliary clearance as compared to placebo in patients with stable bronchial asthma suggesting the need for further studies using higher doses of drugs for longer duration in a large sample.

Administration, Inhalation↗

Insulin: a novel factor in carcinogenesis.

Cancer is a leading cause of mortality in the United States. Despite much research on specific carcinogens, the cause of many cancers remains unclear. The identification of novel causative agents offers the potential for cancer prevention. Diseases such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, characterized by hyperinsulinemia, are associated with increased risk of endometrial, colorectal, and breast carcinomas. There is increasing evidence that insulin is a growth factor for tumor formation. The mechanisms underlying insulin-mediated neoplasia may include enhanced DNA synthesis with resultant tumor cell growth, inhibition of apoptosis, and altered sex hormone milieu. The reduced insulin levels seen with physical activity, weight loss, and a high fiber diet may account for decreased cancer risk. The role of newer drugs that restore sensitivity to insulin, thereby reducing hyperinsulinemia, is an exciting potential area of cancer prevention. In this review, we discuss the potential role of insulin as a tumor growth factor.

Animals↗

Traumatic injuries to the incisors in children of South Kanara District. A prevalence study.

Trauma to the teeth is a commonly encountered problem. Many studies have stated the prevalence of traumatic injuries, range from 4% to 19.5%. In the present study, the prevalence of traumatic injuries to incisors teeth was studied. The unique feature of this study was that it related the associated causes with the severity of fractures (fracture types). In the present study prevalence was found to be 13.8% and this was associated with various factors such as age group involved, sex, place of injury and the overjet of the dentition.

Adolescent↗

Acetoxy-4-methylcoumarins confer differential protection from aflatoxin B(1)-induced micronuclei and apoptosis in lung and bone marrow cells.

The ability of various acetoxy derivatives of 4-methylcoumarins to inhibit the genotoxic changes due to aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) is reported here. Several 4-methylcoumarins (test compounds), such as 7,8-diacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin (DAMC), monoacetoxy-4-methylcoumarin (MAC), 5-N-acetyl-6-acetoxy-4-methylcoumarin (NAMC) and 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (DHMC) were separately administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to male wistar rats followed by AFB(1) administration i.p. or intratracheally (i.t.) (2-8 mg/kg b.wt.) and another dose of the test compound. The animals were sacrificed 26h after AFB(1) administration. From animals receiving AFB(1) i.p., bone marrow (BM) cells were isolated and stained with Mayer's haematoxylin and eosin. Micronuclei (MN) in BM were scored by light microscopy. From animals receiving AFB(1) i.t., bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was obtained, lung cells (LG) were isolated and stained with fluorochrome 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for the analysis of MN, apoptotic bodies (AP) and cell cycle variations. Rats were separately treated with the vehicle DMSO to serve as the proper control. AFB(1) caused significant dose-dependent induction of MN in BM as well as LG. AP were observed in LG of rats receiving AFB(1) and was found to correlate with MN induction. DAMC injection caused significant decrease in AP due to AFB(1) in LG and MN in both BM and LG. The effectiveness of MAC was approximately half that of DAMC, thereby indicating that number of acetoxy groups on the coumarin molecule determine the efficacy. The fact that NAMC had no effect either on MN or AP indicate that neither acetoxy group at C-6 nor the N-acetyl group at C-5 facilitate the transfer of acetyl group to P-450 required for inhibition of AFB(1)-epoxidation. DHMC, the deacetylated product of DAMC had no normalizing effect on the induction of MN and AP. These findings confirm our earlier hypothesis that DAMC-mediated acetylation of microsomal P-450 (catalysing epoxidation of AFB(1)) through the action of microsomal transacetylase is responsible for the protective action of DAMC. The relative number and position of acetoxy groups on the coumarin nucleus determine the specificity to the transacetylase necessary for the chemopreventive action.

Acetylation↗