A note on post hoc analysis of mastery test data.
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Achievement↗
Biomedical subjects
K Green
Publications and source records attributed to K Green.
Water soluble marihuana-derived material: pharmacological actions in rabbit and primate.
Further studies have been made with water soluble marihuana-derived material (MDM). Neither adrenergic, cholinergic, aldosterone, dopamine or serotonin antagonism affected the fall in intraocular pressure induced by MDM. Partial blockade was obtained with galactose, glucose, or mannose, but not arabinose, when the latter were given at intravenous concentrations of 1 gm/animal and MDM was given at 25 micrograms animal, suggesting that these sugars may be involved at the active site of the MDM glycoproteins. Dexamethasone was without effect on either intravenous or intravitreal MDM indicating that the MDM effect is not a non-specific response to a protein. A similar plant glycoprotein, larch arabinogalactan, at 200 micrograms/animal was without effect on intraocular pressure. Aqueous humor flow rate was increased 3 hours after MDM administration, a period corresponding to the intraocular pressure increase caused by MDM, and fell to 20% of control values when the fall in intraocular pressure occurred. Blood flow through the iris was increased at both one and six hours after intravenous MDM injection indicating a vasodilation which could contribute to the initial increase in intraocular pressure. Intravitreal injection of MDM in rabbit and rhesus monkey caused a fall in intraocular pressure only after a 24 hour delay: the unilateral response indicated that systemic metabolism was not required for activity and the delay was likely caused by the diffusion time to the ciliary processes from the mid-vitreal injection site. The changes in beta-receptors, adenylate cyclase and carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary processes are minimal indicating a possible vascular mechanism of action of MDM.
Animals↗
Corneal epithelial healing rates after topical nucleotides.
Discrete 28mm2 epithelial lesions in paired rabbit corneas were treated four times daily with either vehicle alone or 10(-2)M or 10(-3)M Db cAMP in the presence or absence of either theophylline (10(-2)M) or epinephrine (5.5 x 10(-3)M). Cyclic GMP was also used either alone or with pilocarpine (1%). The lesion size was determined photographically at various intervals over 48 hours. No treatment regimen at the concentrations of cyclic nucleotides used had any influence on the rate of epithelial regrowth.
Animals↗
Intraocular pressure following systemic administration of cannabinoids.
Various cannabinoids have been tested for activity compared to delta 9-THC in reducing intraocular pressure after intravenous administration in rabbits at 0.1 mg or 1 mg/animal. Comparison of l-delta 9-, delta 8-, 11-OH-delta 9- and 11-OH- delta 8-THC indicates that minor configurational changes have only a small influence on activity with regard to induction of a fall in intraocular pressure, although 11-OH-delta 8-THC has increased activity. 8 alpha-OH-, 8 alpha-diOH- and 8 beta-diOH-delta 9-THC have little or no activity but 8 beta-OH-delta 9-THC is as active as delta 9-THC indicating that the hydroxyl group in the beta-position does not influence activity. Modification of the C5H11 alkyl side chain (3'-OH-delta 9-THC) reduced activity to 20% relative to delta 9-THC. Cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene, cannabigerol and olivetol had no activity, but 10-OH-CBD had some activity at 2 mg/animal. Cannabinol (CBN) had about half the activity of delta 9-THC and activity was reduced further with 1'-OH-CBN, indicating that side chain modification reduced activity. Neither delta 9-THC, nor cannabigerol, had any effect on intraocular pressure or total outflow facility in the rhesus monkey, suggesting species differences in ocular responses to cannabinoids. Further studies on modification of these compounds is warranted in order to further delineate the structure-activity relationships.
Animals↗
Participation of beta 2-receptors in the control of rabbit ciliary epithelial permeability.
The interaction between several adrenergic agonists (epinephrine, norepinephrine and isoproterenol) and relatively specific beta 1- and beta 2-antagonists has been examined on fluid permeability of the isolated rabbit ciliary epithelium. A specific beta 1-antagonist (metoprolol) had little effect on the permeability increase induced by the agonists, whereas butoxamine (a specific beta 2-antagonist) caused an inhibition of the normal agonist-induced permeability increase. The data suggest that these three adrenergic agonists primarily affect the beta 2-receptor in the ciliary epithelium in order to induce their effects on fluid permeability.
Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
Pharmacological modification of rabbit corneal endothelial transport and permeability.
Either isolated normal or preswollen rabbit corneas were perfused across their endothelial surface with various drugs in the specular microscope. The deswelling rate of preswollen corneas was uninfluenced by calmodulin (1 and 10 micrograms/ml), phenylephrine (0.1 and 1 mM), DbcAMP (10(-4) M), theophylline (10(-3) and 10(-4) M), isoproterenol (2 x 10(-7) and 2 x 10(-6) M), or cyclic GMP (10(-4) and 10(-6) M). The swelling rate of normal thickness corneas was increased by furosemide (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) and thiocyanate (5 x 10(-2) and 5 x 10(-3) M) but not by SITS (10(-4) M), dipyridamole (5 x 10(-5) M) or NAP-taurine (10(-3) M). The results suggest that alteration of endothelial cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP levels has no influence on transendothelial fluid flow. Modulation of the metabolic processes underlying anion fluxes by furosemide and thiocyanate caused corneal swelling but none of the agents which affect passive anion exchange in other systems influenced transendothelial fluid movement. The furosemide and thiocyanate effects confirm that bicarbonate, or chloride, exchange may be important in part in the regulation of corneal dehydration by the endothelium.
Animals↗
Rabbit corneal endothelial permeability in the presence and absence of adenosine and glutathione.
Rabbit corneal endothelial fluxes of sodium, bicarbonate, inulin, and dextran have been measured in ambient solutions containing either 0.5 mM adenosine alone (A), 0.3 mM glutathione alone (G), both adenosine and glutathione, or neither adenosine nor glutathione. Addition of A alone to a solution lacking both additives caused a decrease in both Jstrendo and Jendostr sodium fluxes coupled with an increase in Jstrendo net. Addition of G alone caused no effect, whereas addition of A and G together caused a decrease in both Jstrendo and Jendostr sodium fluxes and a large increase in Jstrendo net. Addition of A or G caused an increase in Jstrendo bicarbonate flux, but no change in Jendostr flux. Addition of A and G caused an increase in both Jstrendo and Jendostr bicarbonate flux and a decrease in Jstrendo net. None of the solution variations caused an alteration in either inulin or dextran permeability. Since both A and G influence Jstrendo net bicarbonate and sodium transport, this may provide an explanation of the beneficial effects of these compounds on the endothelium to both enhance and prolong corneal thickness and hydration regulation.
Adenosine↗
Travel contract nurses: a creative approach to supplemental staffing.
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California↗
Group practices expand electronic communications.
In today's health care industry, there is a tremendous need for the communication of information from a myriad of parties to be centralized, packaged and delivered between and among all providers and payers, write Kathleen Covert and Kevin Green in describing one health care network doing just that.
Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗
Health promotion: its terminology, concepts, and modes of practice.
With health care costs raging out of control, a search for ways to decrease them is emerging. The terms self-care, wholistic health care, prevention, and high level wellness are becoming popular. The terms and their modes of practice are incorrectly intermingled, creating much confusion among consumers and health care practitioners. This article examines the differences between them in relation to concepts and practice as well as in relation to the healthy and chronically ill. The dilemmas facing health promotion are examined. Problems such as the media, ethics, laws, funding, and research are reviewed. Consumerism and consumer responsibility versus the health care provider's responsibility are explored. Health promotion is a viable concept and method of health care practice for the consumer as well as the health care care practitioner.
Health Promotion↗
Impact of antibiotic administrative restrictions on trends in antibiotic resistance.
CONTEXT: In March 2001, in response to concerns about increasing resistance to fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics, the Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) program limited reimbursement of FQs to ODB beneficiaries defined as high risk or in whom other therapies are not tolerated. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of the limited use (LU) policy changes on antibiotic resistance rates in Ontario, focussing on community-acquired pathogens. DESIGN: Ontario data submitted to the Canadian Bacterial Surveillance Network (CBSN) between January 1, 1998 and June 30, 2002 were analyzed for rates of resistance in various pathogen-antibiotic combinations. The effect of the LU policy on the level and rate of change of antibiotic resistance was estimated using time series models. RESULTS: Resistance rates for S. pneumoniae were 10-12% for penicillin, erythromycin and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) and less than 3% for amoxicillin and all three FQs tested. There was a statistically significant increasing trend in resistance rates of S. pneumoniae to amoxicillin and levofloxacin throughout the study period. Antibiotic resistance of S. pneumoniae to ciprofloxacin indicated a statistically significant decreasing trend over the study period with a statistically significant increase in the level of antibiotic resistance at the time of the LU policy implementation. No other indication of any statistically significant decrease in resistance rates associated with the LU policy was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although no direct cause and effect can be proven with these observational data, there is no evidence that the limited use policy to restrict fluoroquinolones decreased antibiotic resistance in any of the pathogen-antibiotic combinations tested.
Amoxicillin↗
Current status of synthetic epikeratoplasty.
Many of the deficiencies with human tissue epikeratoplasty might be improved by the use of a suitable synthetic lenticule. Potential biomaterials for epikeratoplasty include collagen (types I, III, or IV), collagen-hydrogel copolymers, bioactive synthetics, and coated hydrogels. The biomaterial must be engineered to achieve strict specifications of optical clarity, support of epithelial migration and adhesion, permeability to solutes, and stability to corneal proteases. Attaching synthetic lenticules to the cornea without cutting Bowman's layer by adhesives, laser welding, or direct adhesion may also improve the efficacy of synthetic epikeratoplasty.
Animals↗
Designing a practice brochure.
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Communication↗
Trends in cancer mortality rates, Bergen County, New Jersey, 1962-75.
Publication of the "Atlas of Cancer Mortality for U.S. Counties, 1950-1969" caused a great deal of concern in counties shown in the Atlas to have had high cancer mortality rates in relation to the United States as a whole. An analysis was made of temporal trends of cancer mortality in Bergen County, a "high-rate county" in northeastern New Jersey, by calculating age-adjusted cancer mortality rates by sex and site for Bergen County residents for the period 1962-75. Mortality rates and time rates of change in mortality rates were compared to those in the United States as a whole. Male and female rates for respiratory cancer and male rates for all sites combined increased significantly more quickly in the United States than in Bergen County during the study period. The authors discuss these trends and recommended that recent time-specific mortality rates be furnished to county health commissions on a regular basis.
Adolescent↗