[Salivary cortisol measurement--better than plasma assays].
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Biomedical subjects
K Grankvist
Publications and source records attributed to K Grankvist.
Relationship between CA 125 and progesterone production in women with ovarian carcinoma.
CA 125 and steroid production is compared in a group of 48 women with ovarian epithelial carcinoma. The histologic types were I C (n = 20), II C (n = 5), III C (n = 11), or V (n = 12). The number of patients in Stage I was six; Stage II, 11; Stage III, 16; and Stage IV, 15. All patients were naturally or surgically postmenopausal. Blood samples were taken at the first admission to the hospital and 14 cases with large tumors were followed with monthly sampling during chemotherapy, and in 13 cases until a recurrence of the tumor. CA 125 and steroid production were analyzed using radioimmunoassay. The results show a high correlation between initial CA 125 and especially progesterone plasma concentration. Both decreases during chemotherapy parallel the shrinkage of the tumor and increase 1 to 4 months before recurrence. Progesterone and CA 125 together predicted all recurrences but none of the factors alone. The prognostic value for 5-year survival was somewhat higher for progesterone than CA 125. CA 125 correlated highly with sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and negatively with albumin. The correlation may be due to the intercorrelation with tumor burden.
Adult↗
Insulin-driven erythropoiesis may underlie impairment of erythrocyte deformability in hyperinsulinaemic, hyperglycaemic ob/ob-mice.
The circulating erythrocytes in hyperglycaemic and hyperinsulinaemic obese (ob/ob) mice are enlarged with a decreased erythrocyte filtrability and an abnormally low resistance to osmotic stress. These changes probably reflect aberrations of erythropoiesis, as evidenced by endhanced staining for iron in the bone marrow, reticulocytosis, and increased erythrocyte volume fraction. Mature erythrocytes, reticulocytes, and late-phase basophilic erythroblasts were found to have larger diameters than their counterparts in control mice while myelopoiesis appeared to be unaffected. The average erythrocyte also displayed an increased cell volume and a decreased haemoglobin concentration. It is suggested that the stimulation of the erythroid cell line in ob/ob-mice might be a consequence of the hereditary hyperinsulinaemia.
Animals↗
Different effects of chlorpromazine on bleomycin- and epirubicin induced cytotoxicity.
The effect of the antiemetic chlorpromazine on bleomycin- and epirubicin cytotoxicity was tested in vitro. Chlorpromazine (0.1 or 0.01 mg/l) enhanced epirubicin-induced toxicity to cultured Chinese fibroblasts whereas 0.01 mg/l chlorpromazine inhibited the cytotoxicity of bleomycin. The results encourage further studies on the effects of commonly used antiemetics on the cytotoxicity and antitumoral effects of anticancer chemotherapeutics.
Bleomycin↗
Human chorionic gonadotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
Plasma levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were studied in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma prior to and during chemotherapy. Blood samples were drawn for radioimmunoassay at monthly intervals. Plasma concentrations were compared to those of three different control groups: healthy post-menopausal women (PM), fertile women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (FPh), and postmenopausal women with nongynecologic disseminated malignant disease (DMD). The hCG level was elevated in women with great tumor burden, such as large tumor volume, FIGO stage IV, and histologic type V. LH and FSH levels showed the reverse pattern. hCG concentration decreased during chemotherapy, whereas LH increased. Initial plasma concentrations were not found to have prognostic importance. We discuss the possibility that hCG is produced by the tumor, which stimulates steroid hormone production by the stroma, which, in turn, exerts negative feedback on FSH production by the pituitary.
Adult↗
Salivary cortisol during an overnight dexamethasone suppression test using a simple saliva collection device.
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Adult↗
Pharmacological interaction with quinoid antitumor drugs.
With increasing age, the incidence of neoplastic disease and the likelihood of receiving multiple prescriptions increases. Antineoplastic drugs generally have a narrow therapeutic index and are delivered at doses close to toxic. Thus, a slight increase of the biological activity caused by an interaction with simultaneously delivered drugs could be deleterious for the patient. This article summarizes the known pharmacological interactions with quinoid anticancer drugs of some during antitumor therapy commonly used drugs. The effect of antiemetics (chlorpromazine, dixyrazin, droperidol, metoclopramide), and antimicrobial agents (piperacillin, sulfamethoxazole, benzylpenicillin, amphotericin B), and adrenoceptor antagonists (propranolol, metoprolol, phentolamine) on epirubicin-induced fibroblast toxicity as studied by clonogenic survival and DNA-precipitation assay is described.
Anti-Infective Agents↗
[The effect of diet on the treatment of malignant diseases].
The importance of dietary factors for the incidence of cancer has been discussed to an increasing extent in recent years while less attention has been devoted to the effect of food on the treatment of an established oncological disease. Carcinoma per se gives rise to reduced food consumption, and different treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy contribute further to disturbances of nutrition. This article summarises current knowledge of the potential significance of diet and its various components for optimal cancer therapy. There may well be profit to be gained as regards anti-cancer therapy and generally supportive measures.
Energy Intake↗
[Interactions between cytostatic agents and other drugs].
Drug interactions are increasingly common, since the clinical practice is getting more complex with the flood of new drugs. Simultaneously, the increased life expectancy of the population increases the number of individuals likely to receive multiple prescriptions. Cytotoxic drugs generally have a narrow therapeutic index, and are delivered at doses close to toxic levels. Consequently, a slight increase of the biological activity caused by an interaction with other concomitantly administered drugs could be deleterious for the patient. Interactions between drugs can sometimes also be used in a positive way, i.e. to increase the therapeutic ratio. Interactions between different cancer treatment modalities have attracted considerable interest. However, much less interest has been denoted to interactions between anticancer drugs and other pharmaceuticals. The purpose of this review is to summarize data about the interactions between anticancer drugs and other clinically used drugs with regard to effects on tumor and toxicity.
Antineoplastic Agents↗
Epirubicin cytotoxicity but not oxygen radical formation is enhanced by four different antiemetics.
The anthracycline epirubicin (0.1-1.0 mg l.-1) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the clonogenic survival of Chinese hamster fibroblasts. Four antiemetics (dixyrazin, metoclopramide, chlorpromazine and droperidol) augmented the inhibition by epirubicin. Furthermore, by using oxygen consumption as an index, epirubicin-induced free oxygen radical formation was not potentiated by the tested antiemetics. The results justify further studies on the antineoplastic and adverse effects pertaining to interaction between anthracyclines and antiemetics. Finally, the results suggest that interference of antiemetics on fibroblast toxicity does not directly involve the generation of free oxygen radicals.
Animals↗
Gossypol-induced free radical toxicity to isolated islet cells.
1. The cytotoxicity of the polyphenolic potential male antifertility agent gossypol was investigated on isolated mouse islets cells. 2. Gossypol shared many properties with the diabetogenic agent alloxan. 3. Gossypol (0.1-1.0 mmol/l) induced a concentration-dependent increase of Trypan Blue uptake by the cells, indicating an increase of membrane permeability to the dye. 4. Trypan Blue uptake induced by 0.5 mmol/l gossypol was inhibited by concomitant incubation of the cells with enzymatic (200 mg/l superoxide dismutase, 200 mg/l catalase, 3 mmol/l cytochrome-c), or low-molecular weight (50 mmol/l D-mannitol) scavengers of oxygen radicals, and the metal chelator diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) (50 mumol/l). 5. The results support the hypothesis that gossypol is B-cytotoxic by generation of noxious free radicals and that when proposing gossypol as a male antifertility agent, studies to exclude gossypol as a diabetogenic agent should first be performed in vivo.
Animals↗
Selenite-induced increase in glutathione peroxidase activity protects human cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage, but not from damage inflicted by ionizing radiation.
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DNA Damage↗
Assessment of thyroid and adrenal function in patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.
This study was performed to evaluate thyroid and adrenal function in patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Twenty-four patients without any clinical overt endocrinological dysfunction were studied. None of the patients showed laboratory evidences of hypo- or hyperthyroidism. A short ACTH-stimulation test was performed in 17 of the patients. A low cortisol response to ACTH stimulation, suggesting adrenocortical insufficiency, was found in four (24%) of the patients, and an intermediate response interpreted as suspected hypofunction was found in three (18%) patients. Low serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels, suggesting adrenal hypofunction, were found in six (25%) of the patients. We believe that the possibility of glucocorticoid insufficiency should always be considered in patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy.
Adrenal Cortex↗
Comparative study of demethoxydaunorubicin with other anthracyclines on generation of oxygen radicals and clonogenic survival of fibroblasts.
Demethoxydaunorubicin was compared to other anthracyclines (daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin) on its ability to generate free oxygen radicals when mixed with Fe2+ in solution and on its ability to reduce clonogenic survival of fibroblasts in culture. Oxygen electrode measurements of free radical generation showed that most of the consumed oxygen entered the monovalet oxygen reduction pathway. Catalase and superoxide dismutase additions inhibited oxygen consumption for all tested anthracyclines and diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) was also inhibitory except for demethoxydaunorubicin. Demethoxydaunorubicin and epirubicin dose-dependently reduced the clonogenic survival of fibroblasts. Addition of catalase or superoxide dismutase was without effect, whereas metal chelators DPTA, desferrioxamine and EDTA all protected against epirubicin-induced toxicity. Of the chelators, only desferrioxamine protected against demethoxydaunorubicin toxicity. Tests in vivo will further elucidate whether demethoxydaunorubicin also differs from the other anthracyclines in therapeutic effect as well as in side effects such as myocardial toxicity.
Animals↗
Hormones in 'young' and 'old' elderly: pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-adrenal axes.
Changes of the pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-adrenal hormone axes with age and possible differences between the sexes in the elderly were studied in 60-year-old (n = 39) and 80-year-old (n = 34) non-hospitalized subjects. The 80-year-old age group had a significantly lower response of thyrotropin (TSH) to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; p less than 0.05). Otherwise, there were no significant differences between the two age groups. Sex differences were found for plasma arginine vasopressin and cortisol excretion (higher values in men), and free thyroxine index, TSH and prolactin response to TRH (higher values in women). Cortisol levels after dexamethasone were negatively correlated to body mass index. There were no differences in hormone levels between smokers and non-smokers. In obtaining reference values for hormones in old age it is important to consider possible changes after the age of 60 years and to adjust for gender and body mass.
Aged↗
Reduction of serum gonadotropin concentrations after parathyroidectomy.
Calcium, parathyroid hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol were measured in 15 postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism before and 1 year after parathyroidectomy. Normalization of serum calcium concentrations (from 2.87 to 2.29 mmol/l) was followed by a highly significant fall in serum LH and FSH concentrations. No significant alteration occurred in plasma estradiol concentration.
Aged↗
On the prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) by measurement of amniotic fluid 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, aldosterone and cortisol.
Forty amniotic fluid samples of both sexes were collected in the 16th gestational week and analysed for 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), cortisol, and aldosterone. Hormone concentrations were also analyzed in amniotic fluid of a male fetus postnatally diagnosed as having the salt-losing form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The mother also had CAH of the non-salt-losing type. Hormone concentrations were also determined prenatally in two pregnancies at risk. Amniotic fluid from the pregnancy with the CAH fetus had an approx. six-fold elevated 17 alpha-hydroxyprogester one level, whereas cortisol and aldosterone levels were within the normal range when compared with controls. Hormone concentrations in the two pregnancies at risk were within normal limits and subsequently a healthy boy and a healthy girl were born. Institution of cortisone in the mother during early pregnancy was made in one of the pregnancies. The treatment was withdrawn when normal amniotic hormonal levels were obtained. No sex difference in concentrations of 17-OHP or cortisol was found in the controls, whereas there was a marked sex difference in aldosterone levels (p less than 0.005) with male fetuses having higher concentrations. Diagnosis of CAH in the 16th gestational week can be made by analysing amniotic fluid concentrations of 17 OHP. As cortisol and aldosterone levels were within normal range of the CAH-fetus, they are probably of little use for the prenatal diagnosis of CAH-fetuses/or to differentiate the simple virilizing and the salt-losing forms of CAH. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)- analyses of the 21-hydroxylase gene in the fetus gave little further information.
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗
Interactions between anticancer drugs and other clinically used pharmaceuticals. A review.
Drug interactions are increasingly common, since clinical practice is getting more complex with the flood of new drugs. Simultaneously, the increased life expectancy of the population increases the number of individuals likely to receive multiple prescriptions. Cytotoxic drugs generally have a narrow therapeutic index, and are delivered at doses close to toxic levels. Consequently, a slight increase in biological activity caused by an interaction with other concomitantly administered drugs could be deleterious to the patient. Interactions between drugs can sometimes also be used in a positive way, i.e. to increase the therapeutic ratio and overcome drug resistance. Interactions between different cancer treatment modalities have attracted considerable interest. However, much less interest has been devoted to interactions between anticancer drugs and other pharmaceuticals. The purpose of this review is to summarize data about the interactions between anticancer drugs and other clinically used drugs with regard to effects on tumor and toxicity.
Analgesics↗