Changes in the cholinergic neurochemical parameters in regional brain areas of Wistar rats aged 3 (weanling), 10 (mature) and 119 (old age) weeks.
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Acetylcholine↗
Biomedical subjects
K Fujimori
Publications and source records attributed to K Fujimori.
[Detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas and hyperplasias in patients with hyperparathyroidism using thallium-201/technetium-99m parathyroid subtraction scintigraphy].
201Tl/99mTc subtraction scintigraphy (TTS) has been recognized as a useful procedure in the preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. Ninety-one patients suspected of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) were studied with TTS for the localization of lesions and 59 patients out of those had a neck exploration and parathyroidectomy which allowed for clinical correlation of pathologic findings with the imaging results. The weight of 30 glands of adenoma ranged 0.100 to 11.700 g (1.840 +/- 0.446 g (mean +/- SE)). The weight of 88 glands of hyperplasia ranged 0.025 to 7.000 g (0.623 +/- 0.100 g). Overall sensitivity and specificity were 47% and 54%, respectively. The sensitivity for the adenoma and the hyperplasia was 87% and 33%, respectively. The specificity for them was 57% and 52%. There was significant difference for the detection between adenomas and hyperplasias. TTS is more useful for the localizing diagnosis of parathyroid adenomas than parathyroid hyperplasia in a patient with hyperfunctioning parathyroid state.
Adenoma↗
[Dosimetry and radiation dose distribution in tumors for radioimmunotherapy: the effect of tumor size].
For aiding to optimize the efficiency of radio-immunotherapy with beta-emitter-labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb), radiation absorbed dose in a small tumor was calculated using a mathematical model for 67Cu, 90Y, 131I, 186Re, and 188Re. MAb distributions were assumed to be uniform or exponential to investigate the tumor size effect on absorbed dose. The salient results are 1) with longer range beta-emitters, radiation absorbed dose is increased with the tumor size increases and the fraction of radiation dose to the outside of the tumor is large; 2) with shorter range beta-emitters, the tumor size effect on absorbed dose is small. The fraction of radiation dose to the tumor is large and small tumors will be irradiated effectively; 3) when MAb distribution is non-uniform, absorbed dose is more homogeneous with longer range beta-emitters.
Humans↗
[A case of ACTH deficiency with periodic fever].
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Non-competitive antagonism by hirsuteine of nicotinic receptor-mediated dopamine release from rat pheochromocytoma cells.
Effects of hirsuteine, an indole alkaloid extracted from Uncaria genus, on nicotine- and high K-induced responses were investigated in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Hirsuteine (300 nM-10 microM) inhibited dopamine release evoked by 100 microM nicotine in a concentration-dependent manner. Hirsuteine did not produce a parallel shift of the concentration-response relationship curve for nicotine, but reduced maximal dopamine release. Dopamine release evoked by 60 and 155 mM KCl was also inhibited by hirsuteine, but the concentration necessary for significant inhibition was higher (more than 10 microM). Under whole cell voltage-clamp, hirsuteine reversibly inhibited inward currents activated by 100 microM nicotine. The current inhibition was slightly accelerated by hyperpolarization. The results suggest that hirsuteine non-competitively antagonizes nicotine-evoked dopamine release by blocking ion permeation through nicotinic receptor channel complexes. The blockade of Ca channels, which are activated during nicotine-evoked depolarization, may not play a major role in the antagonism.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Sustained changes in acetylcholine and amino acid contents of brain regions following microsphere embolism in rats.
The present study was undertaken to explore changes in neurotransmitters and neuromodulators of brain regions impaired by microsphere embolism-induced, sustained ischemia. Nine hundred microspheres (48 microns) were injected into the right internal carotid artery of rats, and the time course of changes in the triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-stained areas of their brain slices and acetylcholine and amino acid contents in the cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus of both hemispheres were determined. The TTC-unstained area, a measure of infarction, was developed in the right hemisphere by the 3rd day after the embolism, which was similar to that on the 28th day. A marked decline in acetylcholine content of these three regions of the right hemisphere was detected throughout the experiment (28 days). The glutamate, aspartate, GABA, and taurine levels were markedly decreased following microsphere-embolism. Most of these decreases were significantly attenuated during the first 5 days following the embolism, and they then partially recovered with time after the operation. Minor metabolic changes were observed in the left hemisphere. The results suggest that microsphere-embolism induces cerebral infarction and/or sustained damage to acetylcholine and neurotransmitter amino acid synthesis and/or catabolism of the brain regions. This model may provide information concerning the pathophysiological alterations in long-term cerebral ischemia and infarction.
Acetylcholine↗
Tetronothiodin, a novel cholecystokinin type-B receptor antagonist produced by Streptomyces sp. NR0489. I. Taxonomy, yield improvement and fermentation.
Streptomyces sp. NR0489 produces tetronothiodin, a novel brain-type cholecystokinin receptor antagonist. This species was differentiated from its related species S. gelaticus, S. griseolus and S. hydrogenans on the basis of their cultural characteristics, such as the utilization of carbohydrates and the presence or absence of various enzymatic activities. We applied the DNA-DNA hybridization method using photobiotin, which proved the genetic difference between the four species mentioned above. The yield improvement effort including single colony isolation, mutation, and protoplast regeneration together with medium optimization resulted in more than an 81-fold increase of the productivity of tetronothiodin as compared to that of the wild type strain.
DNA↗
Tetrafibricin, a novel fibrinogen receptor antagonist. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, characterization and biological activities.
Tetrafibricin is a novel fibrinogen receptor antagonist produced by Streptomyces neyagawaensis NR0577. It was isolated from the culture broth by Diaion HP-21 adsorption, MeOH extraction, MCI GEL CHP-20P column chromatography, preparative HPLC and Toyopearl HW-40 SF column chromatography. The physico-chemical properties of tetrafibricin indicated that the structure of tetrafibricin is different from the known peptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists and closely related to the polyene macrolide antibiotics. Tetrafibricin strongly inhibited the binding of fibrinogen to its receptors with an IC50 of 46 nM. It also inhibited ADP-, collagen-, and thrombin-induced aggregation of human platelets with IC50s of 5.6, 11.0 and 7.6 microM, respectively.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Results and prognostic factors in the radical sinus operation for chronic sinusitis.
Radical surgical procedures of the maxillary sinus with or without involvement of the ethmoid, sphenoid and frontal sinuses were performed in 382 adult patients in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology. Tokai University Hospital in the 8-year period from 1984 to 1991. Of 382 patients, the postoperative symptomatology was studied in 189 patients by mcans of questionnaires. The postoperative results were finally analyzed in 63 patients whose subjective symptoms and objective findings were completely recorded. The follow-up period was over 3 months and subjective postoperative improvement was achieved in 83% and objective postoperative improvement in 75%; the overall improvement rate was 73%. In an analysis of results of the radical surgical operation, it appeared that poor results were closely related to the following factors: (1) maxillary sinus mucosa with cellular infiltration or edematous changes; (2) multiplicity of bacterial species including Gram-negative rods isolated from maxillary sinus secretion; (3) poor mucociliary clearance function; and (4) unsatisfactory postoperative treatment.
Adolescent↗
[A case of chronic persistent cough caused by gastroesophageal reflux].
A 69-year-old female was admitted for the evaluation of chronic persistent cough of about six week duration which was particularly worse at night and did not respond to antibiotics or cough medicines. She did not smoke and had no history of allergies or abnormal inhalations. Eosinophil counts, serum IgE, CRP, titers of cold hemagglutinin (CHA), and antibody to mycoplasma were all within normal ranges. Chest X-ray films and respiratory function tests showed no abnormalities. Because of her complaint of mild heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) was thought to be a possible cause of her chronic cough. Upper gastrointestinal X-ray films revealed barium reflux up to the cervical esophagus, and gastrointestinal fiberoscopy showed reflux esophagitis. Bronchial biopsy specimens taken by fiberoptic bronchoscopy showed chronic inflammatory changes of bronchial mucosa with focal squamous metaplasia, mucosal basement membrane thickening, and lymphocytic infiltration in the submucosa. She made favorable progress following treatment with a histamine H2 blocker and cisapride for six weeks. She met Irwin's criteria and we concluded that her cough was caused by GER. We speculate that repeated tracheobronchial microaspirations of refluxed gastric acid may cause chronic inflammatory changes of the bronchial mucosa resulting in persistent cough.
Aged↗
[A study of the clinical factors which have the greatest effect on bronchial hyperresponsiveness in atopic asthma by multiple regression analysis].
We studied the clinical factors which have the greatest effect on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, with 37 atopic asthma patients (23 males and 14 females). They were from 13 to 59 years old. We measured the control value of the respiratory conductance (Grs.cont), the minimum dose of methacholine (bronchial sensitivity, Dmin), the linear slope of the Grs (= 1/Rrs) decreased (bronchial reactivity, SGrs) and SGrs/Grs.cont by the "Astograph" method (Chest 80, 600, 1981). Statistical analysis was performed by multiple regression analysis. Grs.cont, log Dmin, SGrs and SGrs/Grs.cont were regarded as objective variables. Age, onset age of asthma, period of disease, smoking history, family history of atopy, serum IgE, blood eosinophil counts, positive skin test counts, FEV1.0% and type of asthma attack (perennial or seasonal) were regarded as explanatory variables. The results were as follows: 1) The explanatory variable which showed the highest partial correlation coefficients, was the type of asthma attack in multiple regression analysis of Grs.cont and log Dmin (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). 2) Grs.cont of perennial asthma attack (0.247 +/- 0.064) was significantly lower than that of seasonal attack (0.318 +/- 0.097) (p < 0.02). Log Dmin of perennial asthma attack (-0.837 +/- 0.457) was significantly lower than that of seasonal attack (-0.254 +/- 0.429) (p < 0.005). Therefore in mild atopic asthma, the clinical factor which has the greatest effect on bronchial hyperresponsiveness is the type of asthma attack. We conclude that the existence of perennial asthma attacks is mostly related to increased bronchial hypersensitivity.
Adolescent↗
[Role of 99mTc-labeled RBC SPECT in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma--comparison with US, CT and angiography].
The roles of planar imaging and SPECT with 99mTc-labeled RBC, US, Dynamic CT and angiography in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma were evaluated. The study group consisted of 18 patients with a total of 40 hemangiomas and 13 patients with a total of 21 non-hemangiomas. Among these patients, 5 patients with a total of 8 hemangiomas and 10 patients with a total of 14 non-hemangiomas were diagnosed by operation and biopsy. In all 40 hemangiomas, sensitivity for planar imaging was 35%, SPECT 50%, US 53%, Dynamic CT 82% and angiography 81%, respectively. When the tumor size was greater than 2.2 cm by SPECT and 2.8 cm by planar imaging, their sensitivity for both methods was 100%. Specificity for planar imaging was 100%, SPECT 95%, US 81%, Dynamic CT 100% and angiography 83%, respectively. One patient with hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosed by angiography showed increased uptake on SPECT. Because of the highest accuracy for SPECT in hemangioma greater than 2.0 cm, SPECT should be considered to be the method of choice for noninvasive diagnosis of hemangioma.
Adult↗
[Assessment of exercise performance by a pedometer in patients with chronic respiratory failure].
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Aged↗
Dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists enhance ATP-activated currents.
The effects of dopamine and related compounds on ATP-activated channels were investigated in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Dopamine (10 microM) enhanced an inward current activated by 100 microM ATP. A similar enhancement of the ATP-activated current was observed with apomorphine (10 microM), a non-selective dopamine receptor agonist, with (+)-SKF-38393 (10 microM), a selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist, and with (-)-quinpirole (10 microM), a selective dopamine D2 receptor agonist. Moreover, (+)-SCH-23390 (30 microM), a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, and (-)-sulpiride (30 microM), a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, also enhanced the ATP-activated current. The results suggest that ATP-activated channels are modulated by dopaminergic mechanisms, and that this modulation cannot be attributed to any single class of dopamine receptors.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate-evoked glutamate release in cultured hippocampal neurons.
Characteristics of extracellular ATP-evoked electrical responses in rat hippocampal neurons were investigated. Extracellular ATP (100 microM) induced a rapid depolarization followed by repetitive firings of spikes in these cells under whole-cell current-clamp. In whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments, ATP activated 2 types of inward currents that were inhibited by P2-purinoceptor blocker suramin (300 microM). One is a small (about -20 pA) sustained current which is insensitive to tetrodotoxin (TTX), and the other is a large (-100 to -300 pA) transient current which abolished in the presence of 3 microM TTX. The ATP-induced transient current was blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 30 microM), a non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist. ATP failed to induce the transient current in the cell which showed the desensitization to quisqualic acid (QA; 10 microM), a non-NMDA receptor agonist. These findings suggest that ATP directly activates small sustained currents, and indirectly induces the transient currents by evoking glutamate release.
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione↗
Neurochemical and histological analysis of motor dysfunction observed in rats with methylnitrosourea-induced experimental cerebellar hypoplasia.
Histological and neurochemical changes related to motor dysfunction observed in rats after neonatal treatment with nitrosoureas were examined. Neonatal rats received subcutaneous injections of methylnitrosourea (MNU: 0.125 mmol/kg, s.c.) or ethylnitrosourea (ENU: 0.25 mmol/kg, s.c.) daily at 4,5,6 and 7 days post partum, a period of cerebellar granule cell, stellate cell and basket cell formation. At 14 days and 45 days after birth, MNU-treated rats displayed a lowering in motor coordination skills measured by tests of retainment ability on a rod of 26 mm diameter, chinning-climbing ability on parallel rods or retainment ability on a rotating rod. Histological examination at 14 days after birth showed a cerebellar hypoplasia with reduced cellularity of the internal granule cell layer and a disperse disposition of Purkinje cells in the granule cell layer. Cerebellar growth and cerebellar content and concentration of DNA were remarkably reduced in the MNU-treated rat. The degree of the reduction in cerebellar content of glutamic acid paralleled the degree of the cerebellar hypoplasia at 14 and 45 days after birth. In contrast, the concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine were significantly increased by MNU treatment. ENU treatment control did not exert any significant changes in the neurotransmitters and motor coordination. These results suggest that the motor dysfunctions observed in MNU treated rats are induced by unbalanced output activities from Purkinje cells to motor neurons.
Acetylcholine↗
Sustained damage to energy metabolism of brain regions after microsphere embolism in rats.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Information on sustained damage to cerebral function and metabolism after cerebral ischemia is useful for prophylaxis and therapeutics of cerebral infarction. The purpose of the present study was to induce sustained damage to brain regions after cerebral ischemia in experimental animals. For this purpose, we examined animal behavior and cerebral energy metabolism following microsphere embolism in rats. METHODS: We injected 900 microspheres (48 microns in diameter) into the right internal carotid artery of 110 rats and determined the time course of changes in the rats' behavior and the energy metabolism of the cortex, striatum, and hippocampus of both hemispheres. We injected the same volume of vehicle, without microspheres, into 28 sham-operated rats; there were 14 nonoperated control rats. RESULTS: Peak increase in lactate content and decrease in adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate of these brain regions of the right hemisphere were seen on the first day after microsphere embolism, whereas peak increases in glucose and glycogen contents of these regions were observed on the third day. Most of the metabolic alterations in all these regions continued for up to 28 days after operation, although they recovered toward control levels with time after the operation. The extent and trend of metabolite changes of the right hemisphere after microsphere embolism were similar in the three brain regions. In the left hemisphere, similar metabolic changes were observed, but to a lesser degree. The time course of changes in behavioral scores following microsphere embolism revealed marked stroke-like symptoms on the first day and relatively rapid disappearance of the symptoms with time after embolism. CONCLUSIONS: Microsphere embolism is capable of inducing widespread, sustained damage to energy metabolism of brain regions.
Adenosine Triphosphate↗
Overproduction of biologically-active human nerve growth factor in Escherichia coli.
A gene coding for human nerve growth factor (hNGF) was constructed for expression under control of the trp promoter in E. coli. The plasmid pTRSNGF contained a synthetic hNGF gene fused, in frame, to the region encoding the beta-lactamase signal peptide. The plasmid pTRLNGF contained the same coding sequence as hNGF attached downstream from the N-terminal fragment of the trp L gene. E. coli cells harboring pTRSNGF produced an amount of hNGF constituting 4% of the total cellular protein, and removed the beta-lactamase signal peptide. The mature protein hNGF was biologically active in the PC12h bioassay for neurite outgrowth. This biological activity was comparable to that of authentic mouse NGF. E. coli cells harboring pTRLNGF produced an amount of fusion protein hNGF constituting 25% of the total cellular protein. Although the fusion protein hNGF formed inclusion bodies in cells, dissolved fusion protein hNGF was active in neurite outgrowth from PC12h cells.
Amino Acid Sequence↗