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Biomedical subjects

K E Wright

Publications and source records attributed to K E Wright.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Delphi Study: HIV/AIDS and the Athletic Population.

Recent announcements in the news of HIV/AIDS contraction by famous sports figures have focused world attention on the fact that athletes are not immune to this deadly virus. In view of this, we reviewed the literature to examine what studies have been directed specifically at the athletic population and HIV/AIDS. Unfortunately, because of the relatively new nature of this problem, little data exists for examination. A panel of experts was assembled to participate in a Delphi methodology project. This educational study was designed to examine three issues surrounding the athletic community and HIV/AIDS. The three questions examined in this study were: 1) should medical testing be undertaken within the athletic community to determine exposure to the virus; 2) if testing is undertaken, what privacy/confidentiality measures should be incorporated to protect the individual and the results of the test; and 3) what educational interventions should be developed and implemented to help the athlete understand the disease and prevent the spread. The responses from the Delphi participants indicate that the HIV/AIDS dilemma is a societal issue and should not single out a segment of the population-in this case the athletic community. The panel also indicated that privacy and confidentiality are crucial in protecting the individual athlete and test results. The development and implementation of educational interventions is the most important component in the entire issue of HIV/AIDS and the athletic community.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Maturation of Hantaan virus glycoproteins G1 and G2.

Hantaan virus-infected Vero E6 cell lysates were used for immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibodies against glycoprotein G1 (MAbG1) or G2 (MAbG2). When cell lysates were prepared with buffer containing nonionic detergent, both G1 and G2 glycoproteins were precipitated with either MAbG1 or MAbG2. In contrast, when cell lysates were prepared with a buffer containing ionic detergents MAbG1 precipitated only glycoprotein G1 and MAbG2 precipitated only glycoprotein G2. Heterodimers and possibly higher oligomeric forms of the glycoproteins were detected on nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gels only after chemical cross-linking and immunoprecipitation with either MAbG1 or MAbG2. In order to determine the sites of Hantaan virus glycoproteins maturation and the G1-G2 complex formation, infected cells were treated with inhibitors that prevent specific steps of oligosaccharide processing. Furthermore, glycoproteins G1 and G2 immunoprecipitated from infected cell lysates or from isolated virus particles were tested for sensitivity to endoglycosidase H, endoglycosidase F, and endoglycosidase D. The results of these experiments show that maturation of both G1 and G2 takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Furthermore, G1-G2 complex formation occurs in the ER as well, since the two glycoproteins co-precipitated with either MAbG1 or MAbG2 from infected cell lysates treated with brefeldin A and prepared with buffer containing nonionic detergent.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Guidelines for dispensing medications.

Federal and state codes exist regarding administering and dispensing medications and there is variation between the two. Recognition of the differences is imperative for the athletic trainer, who has traditionally dispensed these agents in compliance with established legal and professional guidelines. Statutes that apply to classifying, documenting, prescribing, dispensing, labeling, and housing medications by athletic trainers are presented as a baseline for this article. State and local regulations should be consulted to clarify differences existing at various governmental levels. These guidelines are provided to assist athletic trainers in properly dispensing medications.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

A national survey of athletic trainer roles and responsibilities in the allied clinical setting.

Data collected from a survey instrument mailed to all 188 NATA-approved allied clinical setting directors were analyzed to assess the current levels of professional preparation as related to the NATA competencies, job roles, and responsibilities of certified athletic trainers in the allied clinical setting. The topics examined included specific roles and responsibilities of certified athletic trainers currently employed in an allied clinical setting. A response rate of 70.5% was obtained. Skills and services provided by the clinical ATC rated as very important were: evaluation, prevention, and rehabilitation/reconditioning of athletic injuries. Competency regarding recognition and evaluation received the highest relative importance score, which is consistent with the findings of the 1982 NATA Role Delineation Study and the 1991 NATA Validation Study. Educational preparation through NATA-approved curriculums had the highest importance in professional preparation for a career in athletic training. The data indicated that educational emphasis for athletic training students interested in employment in the nontraditional setting has diverged from the guidelines established in the 1982 Role Delineation Study. The results of this study suggest that students preparing for a career in a nontraditional (clinical) setting should focus on developing skills in athletic injury evaluation, rehabilitation and reconditioning, and prevention. While these results support findings of the 1982 Role Delineation Study, additional research is needed to address the levels of professional preparation as related to the NATA competencies, job roles, and responsibilities of the clinical athletic trainer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Antiviral antibodies attenuate T-cell-mediated immunopathology following acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection.

The role of antiviral antibody in resistance to acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection has been examined by passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies and intracerebral challenge infection. Protection of mice from lethal T-cell-mediated acute disease was observed following passive administration of antibodies either 1 day before or up to 2 days after infection. Viral replication was suppressed in protected mice, and the cytotoxic T-cell response to virus was also diminished. Virus was cleared from the brain and other tissues of protected mice without development of lethal immunopathology, suggesting that preexisting antibody may play a significant role in modulating potentially destructive effects of T-cell-mediated immune responses to pathogens.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Post-translational processing of the glycoproteins of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.

Intracellular events in the synthesis, glycosylation, and transport of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoproteins have been examined. We have shown by N-glycanase digestion that LCMV strain Arm-4 bears five oligosaccharides on GP-1 and two on GP-2. By pulse-chase labeling experiments in the presence of drugs which inhibit N-linked oligosaccharide addition and processing we demonstrate that addition of high mannose precursor oligosaccharides is necessary for transport and cleavage of the viral GP-C glycoprotein. Moreover, in the presence of tunicamycin which inhibits en bloc addition of these mannose-rich side chains, virus budding was substantially decreased and infectious virions were reduced by more than 1000-fold in the supernatant medium. Incubation in the presence of castantospermine, which permits addition of oligomannosyl-rich chains but blocks further processing, restored transport and cleavage of GP-C and maturation of virions. Finally, by temperature block experiments we have determined that maturation of GP-C oligosaccharides to an endoglycosidase H resistant form precedes cleavage to GP-1 and GP-2. The latter process is most likely to occur in the Golgi or post-Golgi compartment.

1-Deoxynojirimycin↗
PubMed1989

Somatostatin gene expression in pancreatic islet cells is directed by cell-specific DNA control elements and DNA-binding proteins.

Somatostatin is a peptide synthesized in the pancreatic islets, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and thyroid gland. Factors that control islet cell-specific expression of the somatostatin gene were analyzed by expression of fusion genes consisting of 5' rat somatostatin gene sequences linked to coding sequences of the receptor genes, bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, and human growth hormone. Fusion genes containing 900 and 250 base pairs (bp) of 5'-flanking DNA were preferentially expressed at 5-10-fold higher levels in somatostatin-producing islet cell lines, as compared with islet cell lines that produced insulin and glucagon, and in three non-islet cell lines. A deletional mutation consisting of only 65 bp of 5'-flanking sequence of the rat somatostatin gene expressed in all islet cell lines but not in non-islet lines, indicating the existence of a negative-acting islet cell-specific element located between nucleotides -250 and -65. The 65-bp sequence contains the octameric cAMP-responsive enhancer (CRE) TGACGTCA (nucleotides -48 to -41). Fine mapping of sequences responsible for islet-specific expression by substitution of synthetic oligonucleotide cassettes revealed full retention of expression by deletion to nucleotides -48 and complete loss of expression at nucleotides -42 of the CRE. Substitution of the 9 bp adjacent 3' to the CRE of the somatostatin gene (nucleotides -40 to -32) with the corresponding sequence located 3' to the CRE of the glucagon gene abolished expression. By gel mobility shift and DNaseI footprinting analyses, proteins in extracts of islet cells bound to the 24 bp including the CRE and downstream adjacent 9 bp (nucleotides -58 to -35). An additional upstream region of DNA was protected from DNase I digestion (nucleotides -110 to -80). Proteins from non-islet cells bound to the region from nucleotides -58 to -35, but patterns of DNase I protection differed from those using proteins from islet cells. These observations indicate that several DNA-binding proteins interact with cis-acting elements located between 35 and 58 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site of the rat somatostatin gene to determine islet cell-specific gene expression. CRE-binding protein(s) is ubiquitous among phenotypically different cells, and expression of the somatostatin gene in non-somatostatin-producing islet cells appears to be inhibited by a negative-acting element located upstream of the CRE.

8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate↗
PubMed1989

Neutralizing epitopes of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus are conformational and require both glycosylation and disulfide bonds for expression.

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (Armstrong strain) bears two overlapping epitopes, GP-1A (A) and GP-1D (D), recognized by neutralizing antibodies on the major surface glycoprotein GP-1. Both are discontinuous conformational epitopes that require prior formation of disulfide bridges and addition of N-linked oligosaccharides. Using monoclonal antibodies specific for each of these epitopes, as well as for conformation-independent epitopes, we have investigated the requirements for biosynthesis and folding of the epitopes. The carbohydrate residues themselves do not appear to comprise critical informational components of these epitopes, but are required for proper folding of the nascent glycopeptide chain within the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These epitopes differ in their resistance to denaturation; epitope D is retained when denatured with SDS under nonreducing conditions, whereas epitope A is lost. Monoclonal antibodies to epitope A cross-react with several strains of LCMV. However, epitope D is detected in only a subset of isolates derived from the Armstrong strain of LCMV. By RNA sequence analysis, we have mapped a single amino acid change distinguishing those virions containing epitope D. Acquisition of binding activity of the epitope D-specific monoclonal correlates with a Thr----Ala or Thr----Lys mutation at amino acid 173 of the GP-1 molecule and concomitant disruption of a consensus N-linked glycosylation site.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Association of reduced interleukin-2 production with genetic susceptibility to Pichinde virus in inbred strains of hamsters.

Adult inbred MHA hamsters are susceptible to lethal infections with Pichinde virus while inbred LSH hamsters resist such infections. Previous studies demonstrated higher levels of endogenous and induced natural killer (NK) activity in MHA splenocytes than in LSH splenocytes. Preferential replication of Pichinde virus in cells with NK activity was suggested by showing that the greater numbers of infected spleen cells observed in MHA hamsters could be accounted for by a cell population that cosedimented with a peak of NK activity. Increased cellularity of thymi and spleens as well as increased cells sensitive to lymphokines was also found in MHA hamsters as compared to LSH hamsters. In the present study we found that injection of anti-asialo GM 1 serum reduced NK activity but did not alter susceptibility to virus infection. However, MHA hamsters were found to be relatively deficient in the production of interleukin 2 and injection of interleukin 2 altered the mortality of hamsters infected with Pichinde virus. These findings suggest that susceptibility to lethal infection by Pichinde virus is associated with reduced ability to produce interleukin 2 in MHA hamsters.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Differences in lymphocyte responsiveness to lymphokines in two inbred strains of Syrian hamster.

Two inbred strains of Syrian hamster have been shown to display differences in splenic NK cell activity both endogenously and after infection with Pichinde virus. On further investigation of these differences, it was found that the spleens and thymuses of the high NK strain, MHA, displayed greater cellularity than those of the low NK strain, LSH. Additionally, thymocytes from MHA hamsters were found to proliferate to a greater extent than those of LSH hamsters in response to Con A-induced conditioned medium plus lectin. Splenocytes from MHA hamsters showed high levels of lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK) activity after culture in conditioned medium, in contrast to LSH splenocytes cultured under the same conditions. By limiting dilution analysis, spleens from MHA hamsters were found to contain a greater frequency of LAK precursors than those from LSH hamsters. The data suggest that the relative concentrations of lymphopoietic cells is genetically determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

An apparent rachitogenic effect of excessive vitamin E intakes in the chick.

Three replicates (pens of 10 birds each) of a 2 X 2 factorial design experiment (25 and 10,000 IU vitamin E/kg diet on 25 and 500 IU vitamin D/kg diet) were utilized in order to assess effects of excessive intakes of vitamin E on calcium metabolism in the growing chick. A one-week equilibration period was followed by a two-week experimental period. Excessive vitamin E supplementation resulted in reduced calcium and phosphorus in blood plasma, in dry fat-free bone, and in bone ash, calcium, and phosphorus. Inadequate vitamin D supplementation reduced total feed consumption, terminal body weight, plasma calcium, dry fat-free-bone, bone ash, bone calcium, and bone phosphorus. Significant vitamin E X vitamin D interactions were noted for plasma calcium, dry bone, and bone ash, excessive vitamin E apparently interfering with vitamin D utilization.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

Association between plasma and liver vitamin A levels in the calf; weanling pig, rabbit and rat; and adult goat fed fixed intakes of vitamin A.

To reexamine the relationship between plasma and liver vitamin A levels, data from various species of animals fed fixed intakes of vitamin A ester (expressed as retinol equivalents/kg liver weight/day) were vitamin A ester (expressed as retinol equivalents/kg live weight/day) were studied. The intakes ranging from deficient to toxic were for 48 calves, 4 to 17,600 micrograms; 39 pigs, 17.6 to 19,842 micrograms; 86 rabbits, 4.5 to 287 micrograms; 138 rats, 4 to 16,384 micrograms; and 40 goats, 1 to 17,640 micrograms. Following the feeding of these intakes for periods of between 5 and 133 weeks, blood and liver samples were taken for vitamin A determinations. Plasma vitamin A concentrations reached minimum values at low liver vitamin A levels whereas liver vitamin A levels reached maximum values at high plasma vitamin A concentrations. Upon elimination of data pairs at the extremes, linear regressions of log10 (total liver vitamin A) on plasma vitamin A concentrations and of plasma vitamin A concentrations on log10 (total liver vitamin A) were statistically significant. Therefore it was possible to estimate within limits the log10 (total liver vitamin A) from plasma vitamin A. Applicable limits were for the calf 8 to 46 micrograms/100 ml of plasma, for the pig 14 to 32, for the rabbit 14 to 74, for the rat 5 to 51 and for the goat 22 to 55. Simple correlation coefficients were 0.92, 0.60, 0.93, 0.92 and 0.75.

Aging↗
PubMed1976

Effect of sublingual nitroglycerin on cardiac performance in patients with coronary artery disease and non-dyskinetic left ventricular contraction.

In 8 patients with coronary artery disease and symmetrical left ventricular contraction, an echocardiographic study of left ventricular function was performed before and 3 minutes after the administration of 0-6 mg nitroglycerin sublingually. The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter decreased from 5-2 +/- 0-2 to 4-9 +/- 0-2 cm (P less than 0-05) and the end-systolic diameter from 4-2 +/- 0-2 to 3-7 +/- 0-2 cm (P less than 0-001). The estimated stroke volume did not change significantly, while the cardiac output increased, 5-8 +/- 0-6 to 7-7 +/- 0-6 l min-1 (P less than 0-001) and the heart rate increased from 72 +/- 5 to 90 +/- 6 (P less than 0-001). The mean arterial blood pressure decreased from 105 +/- 4 to 88 +/- 3 mmHg (P less than 0-001). The ejection fraction increased from 53 +/- 3 per cent to 65 +/- 6 per cent (P less than 0-001) and the mean velocity of circumferential fibre shortening (VCF) from 0-81 +/- 0-05 to 1-15 +/- 0-10 circumferences per second (P less than 0-001). The estimated midsystolic midwall stress decreased from 155 +/- 14 g cm-2 to 102 +/- 12 g cm-2 after mitroglycerin (P less than 0-001). The administration of nitroglycerin was associated with a significant decrease in left ventricular preload and afterload. A vasodilating effect is suggested by the fall in peripheral resistance. The overall improvement in ejection fraction and VCF may not reflect a true increase contractility, because of the concomitant fall in wall stress.

Aged↗