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Biomedical subjects

K E Leonard

Publications and source records attributed to K E Leonard.

32 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Desistance of husband aggression in the early years of marriage.

Desistance of husband marital aggression was investigated over a 3-year time span. One hundred and eighty-eight couples who had experienced husband aggression in the first year of marriage were followed to the third year of marriage. Overall 23.9% of these husbands had no violence in years 2 and 3. However, desistance rates differed as a function of the type of violence that occurred in year 1. Husbands who had only one incident of minor physical aggression and no severe violence in year 1 were most likely to desist in years 2 and 3 while those who used severe violence in year 1 were least likely to desist. Subsequent analyses showed that wife's depression and dissatisfaction with the partner increased from years 1 to 3 when desistance did not occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Alcohol and premarital aggression among newlywed couples.

The present study examined the relationship between husband and wife alcohol use and premarital aggression, and evaluated a social learning model of alcohol and aggression that posited a moderating role for alcohol beliefs and aggressive motivations. Couples (age 18 to 29) entering their first marriage were approached after they had applied for a marriage license and interviewed concerning demographic factors and premarital aggression. These couples were recruited for the longitudinal study and given questionnaires assessing hostility, marital dissatisfaction, alcohol use and alcohol beliefs. Overall, 76% of the couples who agreed to participate returned the questionnaires. Husbands (n = 607) were approximately 24 years old, and wives were 1 year younger. Reflecting the urban setting, 72% were white and 24% were black. The results indicated a significant relationship between husband heavy alcohol use and premarital aggression. In addition, there were significant interactions between husband heavy alcohol use and marital dissatisfaction, and between husband heavy alcohol use, husband hostility and husband belief in alcohol as an excuse for aggression. These results suggested that alcohol use and premarital aggression are associated even in the absence of alcohol beliefs, but that the presence of appropriate beliefs strengthens the association.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Marriage and alcohol use: a longitudinal study of "maturing out".

Earlier findings have suggested that marriage may provide protection from a variety of physical and psychological problems. In particular, numerous studies have demonstrated a consistent relationship between marital status and alcohol use. To examine this relationship more carefully, we performed a longitudinal analysis of data collected on the Youth Cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience. Four marital transition groups were constructed based upon marital status across a 3-year period: stably single, married year 3, married year 2 and stably married. Results of repeated-measures MANCOVAS performed on alcohol-use patterns across time as a function of marital-transition group supported the notion that individuals begin moderating their alcohol consumption prior to their actual transition to married status with the trend continuing into the first year of marriage. The data further suggested that this decline in alcohol use stabilizes shortly thereafter, apparently within 1 year after marriage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Communicative competence in sons of alcoholics.

Sons of alcoholic (SA), depressive (SD), and social drinking (SN) fathers gave 3-min speeches under low- and high-stress conditions. Trained raters, unaware of group membership, scored each speech on a variety of communicative competence dimensions. The results gave evidence that the SA group, relative to the SN group, showed deficits in all six speech variables. Further results suggested that the SA group was unaffected by level of stress, while the SD group showed a decrease in communicative clarity from speech 1 (low stress) to speech 2 (high stress). The results suggest lower levels of communicative competence among adult sons of alcoholics. The implication of this finding with regard to the psychosocial functioning of children of alcoholics is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Family history of alcoholism, youthful antisocial behavior and problem drinking among DWI offenders.

This study assessed the impact of family history of alcoholism and antisocial behavior on problem drinking among male first-time DWI offenders. A sample of 123 men in DWI classes were assessed on demographic factors, antisocial behavior and family history of alcoholism. Also, measures of current and past drinking problems were assessed, including scales of perceived ability to control consumption, degree of physical dependence, occurrence of alcohol-related problems and preoccupation with alcohol. The results indicated that while family history of alcohol and antisocial behavior were not significantly related to quantity/frequency of alcohol consumption or alcohol-related problems, family history was related to drink duration. Main effects of family history and antisocial behavior were found for preoccupation with alcohol and physical dependence. There was a significant interaction with respect to perceived ability to control drinking. Results are discussed with regard to the implication that family history of alcoholism and antisocial behavior may influence the development of important precursors to alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Drinking, drinking styles and drug use in children of alcoholics, depressives and controls.

Adolescent children of alcoholic, depressive and normal control fathers were assessed with a variety of alcohol and drug use measures. Children of alcoholics were quite similar to the other two groups with regard to alcohol consumption, reasons for drinking, attitudes toward temperate and intemperate use of alcohol, and the typical drinking context. However, children of alcoholics, both male and female, were more likely to report drug use than children of depressives or children of normal controls. These findings suggest that although children of alcoholics are at risk for the development of alcoholism, deviant drinking practices may not be discernible in adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Alcohol expectancies and personality characteristics in young men.

This study examines the relationship between alcohol expectancies and a variety of relevant personality factors among two different samples of young men. The results indicated that for both samples, measures of social anxiety and concern over the evaluation of other people were related to the beliefs that alcohol was a globally positive transforming agent and that alcohol increased social assertiveness. Also, hostility was related to the belief that alcohol increases power and aggression. Several potential explanations and directions for future research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The Preoccupation with Alcohol Scale: development and validation.

The purpose of the present study was to develop a psychometrically sound measure of preoccupation with alcohol in a group of young, heavy drinking men and to examine some correlates of this drinking style. A brief Preoccupation with Alcohol Scale (PAS) was derived that exhibited substantial internal consistency. Data from a sample of the 67 males indicated that higher PAS scores were significantly related to alcohol consumption and frequency of intoxication within many different contextual circumstances. The PAS was also related to alcohol problems after controlling for average daily alcohol consumption and frequency of intoxication, suggesting that scores on the PAS are related to, but not redundant with, level of alcohol consumption. Results from a cross-validation sample provided additional support for these findings. The authors suggest that a preoccupation with alcohol may be a cognitive-behavioral risk factor for the development of severe alcohol problems and alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Patterns of alcohol use and physically aggressive behavior in men.

Research on the relationship between alcohol use and aggressive behavior has typically focused on arrested felons and has contained minimal data on alcohol use, the symptoms of alcoholism and potential explanatory variables. The present study examined this relationship in a community-based population of blue-collar workers (N = 484 men). Current alcohol consumption was not related to either the number of fights that subjects were involved in since age 18 or physical marital conflict. However, a pathological pattern of consumption and a recent diagnosis (within the previous 3 yr) of alcohol misuse or alcohol dependence were related to physical marital conflict. Furthermore, these relationships remained significant after sociodemographic factors, and hostility and marital satisfaction were controlled for. Thus, these results on aggressive behavior confirm previous findings from research on criminal violence.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Agreement among Feighner, RDC and DSM III criteria for alcoholism.

Three sets of diagnostic criteria for alcoholism, Feighner criteria, Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), and DSM III criteria, were examined to determine the concordance among them. The alcohol section of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), which provides information allowing for diagnoses by all three sets of criteria, was administered to 484 blue collar workers. Overall, there was substantial agreement among the diagnostic systems, with 86% of the men receiving the same diagnosis by all three systems. However, more detailed analyses indicated that approximately one quarter of those receiving a diagnosis of alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence according to DSM III were not diagnosed as alcoholic by Feighner criteria. It was suggested that this discrepancy was due to DSM III criteria (as represented in the DIS) diagnosing heavy drinkers with no attendant problems as alcoholic.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Alcohol consumption and escalatory aggression in intoxicated and sober dyads.

It has been suggested that alcohol ingestion facilitates escalatory processes in aggressive interactions. The present study examined interaction patterns in intoxicated, sober and mixed dyads. Thirty pairs of men college students were randomly assigned to these conditions. Subjects who received alcohol received .964 g of absolute alcohol per kg of body weight. At the beginning of each trial in a reaction-time competition, each member of the dyad selected the shock level that he wanted his opponent to receive if the opponent was slower on the trial. Further, each member was informed by feedback lights of the shock level that his opponent had selected for him. The results indicated that the intoxicated dyads selected higher shock levels than did the sober dyads. Mixed dyads tended to select lower shock levels than intoxicated dyads but higher shock levels than sober dyads. However, these differences were not statistically significant. Additionally, intoxicated dyads escalated in aggression over the first block of six trials, whereas neither sober nor mixed dyads evidenced such an escalation. One interpretation of these findings is that the cognitive disruption caused by the alcohol interfered with the subjects' ability to evaluate the consequences of their behavior and to interpret the behavior of their opponents. A second interpretation is that, because of the expectancy effects associated with alcohol consumption, intoxicated dyads did not feel constrained to a nonaggressive stance. Finally, the value of the dyadic-interaction paradigm in the study of alcohol-related violence was discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Different Chinese hamster cell lines express a G1 period for different reasons.

Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that the absence of G1(G1-condition) in two lines of Chinese hamster cells is dominant over the presence of G1(G1+condition) in a variety of intraspecific cell hybrids. G1+ mutants or variants cna be isolated from G1- cells following mutagenesis and selection. These G1+ mutants fall into multiple complementation groups based on their abilities to form G1- cell hybrids with one another. This is evidence that different mutants have G1 intervals for different reasons, possibly as the result of deficiencies in functions necessary for G1- cell cycles. In this report we have used cell hybrid analysis to ask whether cells of different, naturally occurring G1+ lines of Chinese hamster are able to complement to produce G1- hybrids. We have found three complementation groups among the four G1+ cell lines examined. Therefore, these lines define three different reasons or bases for the existence of a G1 interval. These results lead us to suggest that multiple requirements must be met for these cells to start the S period, but that failure to fulfill only a single and different requirement is responsible for the presence of a G1 interval in any given cell line.

Animals↗