Management of tuberculosis in rural areas.
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Community Health Workers↗
Biomedical subjects
K Donnelly
Publications and source records attributed to K Donnelly.
Modification of pancreatic carcinogenesis in the hamster model. 5. Effect of partial pancreatico-colostomy.
Studies were conducted to evaluate the possibility of a bile reflux mechanism in the etiology of induced pancreatic cancer. N-Nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) was administered to Syrian hamsters after partial pancreatico-colostomy. Either the gastric or the splenic lobe of the pancreas was anastomosed to the transverse colon in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group 3 were sham-operated controls and group 4 were controls without surgery. Shortly after surgery all 4 groups received a single subcutaneous BOP injection (20 mg/kg body weight) and survivors were sacrificed 46 weeks after BOP treatment. BOP-induced pancreatic tumor patterns were not altered by pancreatico-colostomy when compared with those in sham-operated controls. In all BOP-treated hamsters the number and distribution of benign and malignant lesions were similar in each individual pancreatic segment, including the anastomosed lobe (A-lobe); some hamsters developed tumors only in the A-lobe. As in other pancreatic regions, the initial hyperplasia in the A-lobe primarily affected peri- and intra-insular ductules and less frequently involved the ducts. These findings support the theory that the carcinogen is bloodborne and indicate that BOP-responsive pancreatic cells are distributed on a volume basis in distinct proportions within the pancreatic segments. As in previous experiments a higher incidence of pancreatic neoplasms was found in BOP-treated controls (those not operated upon) than in partially pancreatico-colostomized hamsters, including those with sham operations. Hyperplastic and dyplastic development of colonic mucosa around the anastomosis could be related to a local effect of carcinogen or of its metabolites, which are known to be excreted via pancreatic secretions.
Animals↗
Modification of pancreatic carcinogenesis in the hamster model. 3. Inhibitory effect of alloxan.
Alloxan, when given intravenously at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight 2 hours prior to subcutaneous injection of the potent pancreatic carcinogen N-nitrosobis (2-oxopropyl) amine (BOP), inhibited the induction of hyperplastic and neoplastic pancreatic lesions in a statistically significant fashion (P less than 0.01). The number of lesions per animal affected was markedly less in these animals, compared with BOP-treated control animals. BOP administration 2 weeks after alloxan treatment, at which time pancreatic islet cell regeneration is considered completed, did not alter either the incidence or number of lesions. The results support our view that the pancreatic islet cells are the primary source of BOP metabolism. The concomitant inhibition of gallbladder tumors, but not of common duct neoplasms, in hamsters receiving BOP 2 hours after alloxan could indicate that alloxan's inhibitory effects on BOP carcinogenesis are not restricted to the pancreas.
Alloxan↗
The neglected alliance: the inpatient unit as a consultant to referring therapists.
During two years of work on an inpatient psychiatry unit in a general hospital, the authors became impressed with how often patient-therapist difficulties preceded the need to hospitalize a patient. Difficulties in the therapeutic relationship sometimes precipitated the hospitalization; other times they were complicating factors. Unresolved difficulties in this relationship had to be addressed during hospitalization if inpatient treatment was to be successful. The authors present several typical cases that demonstrate different kinds of difficulties in the patient-therapist relationship and the use of consultation by an inpatient staff in resolving them. They conclude that an inpatient unit with sufficient staff should serve as a consultant to the referring therapist in almost every case.
Adult↗
Retrieval, automaticity, vocabulary elaboration, orthography (RAVE-O): a comprehensive, fluency-based reading intervention program.
The most important implication of the double-deficit hypothesis (Wolf & Bowers, in this issue) concerns a new emphasis on fluency and automaticity in intervention for children with developmental reading disabilities. The RAVE-O (Retrieval, Automaticity, Vocabulary Elaboration, Orthography) program is an experimental, fluency-based approach to reading intervention that is designed to accompany a phonological analysis program. In an effort to address multiple possible sources of dysfluency in readers with disabilities, the program involves comprehensive emphases both on fluency in word attack, word identification, and comprehension and on automaticity in underlying componential processes (e.g., phonological, orthographic, semantic, and lexical retrieval skills). The goals, theoretical principles, and applied activities of the RAVE-O curriculum are described with particular stress on facilitating the development of rapid orthographic pattern recognition and on changing children's attitudes toward language.
Automation↗
The need for three stool specimens in routine laboratory examinations for intestinal parasites.
This study was designed to test whether three sequential stool specimens are necessary for reliable detection of intestinal parasites in routine laboratory examinations. There were 175 patients in whom a single species of intestinal parasite or ova was identified on at least one occasion when three stool specimens were examined over a period of 14 days from the first recorded specimen. Examination of a first stool specimen detected parasites and/or ova in 102/175 patients (58.3%); examination of a second specimen identified an additional 36 positive patients (20.6%) and examination of a third specimen yielded a final 37 previously undetected patients (21.1%). These findings indicate that at least three stool specimens should be examined to confirm the presence of intestinal parasites. Even with such practice, it is not possible to guarantee that there is no infestation, but examination of fewer specimens would run a definite risk of false negative results.
Feces↗