Phosphorylation of kinesin in vivo correlates with organelle association and neurite outgrowth.
The motor protein kinesin is implicated in organelle movement toward the plus ends of microtubules, but little is known about its interaction with organelle membranes or about the physiological role of the phosphorylation of kinesin and its associated protein kinectin seen in neurons in vivo (Hollenbeck, P. J. (1993) J. Neurochem. 60, 2265-2275). Here we have demonstrated that the kinesin heavy chain (KHC), light chain, and kinectin isolated from chick brain or sympathetic neurons exist in several isoelectric forms. Metabolic labeling followed by phosphatase treatment showed that these are phosphoisoforms, and that phosphorylation is reversible in vitro. To assess the capability of phosphorylation to regulate kinesin's state and/or activity, we performed 32P and 35S pulse-chase experiments with neuronal cultures and determined that kinesin-associated phosphate turns over 3-4 times faster than the proteins themselves. When the phosphoisoform distributions for different kinesin pools were analyzed, it was found that membrane-associated KHC contained predominantly the most highly phosphorylated isoform, while soluble kinesin consisted of less phosphorylated KHC isoforms. Nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells was found to increase significantly kinesin's 32P specific activity while doubling the relative abundance of the most highly phosphorylated KHC isoform. These results demonstrate that the phosphorylation state of kinesin is closely coupled to its organelle binding and to the magnitude of organelle transport in the cell. We propose that the phosphorylation state of kinesin and associated proteins may regulate motility via association with organelle membranes and, specifically, that KHC phosphorylation induces membrane association.