Biomedical subjects

K C Gatter

Publications and source records attributed to K C Gatter.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources

PubMed1986

Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells in lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease of nodular subtype contain J chain.

To throw light on the question of whether B-cell-derived forms of Hodgkin's disease exist, more than 100 cases of Hodgkin's disease (including all four major histologic categories) were investigated for the presence of J chain and were also immunostained for epithelial membrane antigen and the granulocyte-associated antigen X hapten. Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells (RS & H) expressed J chain in 22 cases, 8 of which also expressed epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). X hapten was found in 62 cases, but all of these were J chain negative. J chain-positive RS & H cells were restricted to cases of lymphocyte-predominant disease, while X hapten-positive tumor cells were found frequently in nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte-depletion Hodgkin's disease, but only occasionally in cases of lymphocyte-predominant disease. These findings indicate that nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease differs from the other subtypes of Hodgkin's disease and that the neoplastic cells are of B-lymphoid origin.

Fluorescent Antibody Technique↗

PubMed1986

Expression of a cell-cycle-associated nuclear antigen (Ki-67) in cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates.

Cryostat sections of skin biopsies from 83 patients with benign or malignant cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates were examined immunohistologically for reactivity with Ki-67 (a monoclonal antibody recognizing a nuclear antigen expressed by cycling cells) using the APAAP immunoalkaline phosphatase labeling method and a double immunoperoxidase/alkaline phosphatase staining technique. Ki-67-positive neoplastic lymphocytes were plentiful in all large-cell lymphoma cases and in one-third of the small-cell lymphomas. Some benign disorders (patch test biopsies, cutaneous lymphocytoma, lichen planus) also contained many Ki-67-positive lymphocytes. These data indicate the value of using Ki-67 to assess the proliferative capacities of the lymphoid cells in cutaneous infiltrates. Use of this technique in the future may have important prognostic and therapeutic implications in the management of cutaneous lymphoid malignancies.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1986

Immunohistological reactivity pattern of the anti-cutaneous T-cell lymphoma antibody BE2.

It has been reported that the monoclonal antibody BE2, raised against leukaemic T cells, reacts specifically with malignant lymphoid cells and represents a valuable reagent for the early identification of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. To test this hypothesis, a comprehensive range of nodal and cutaneous biopsies have been examined immunohistologically using single and double immunoenzymatic and immunofluorescent staining methods. BE2 showed a broad range of reactivity, consistently labelling normal endothelial cells, B-lymphocytes in mantle and marginal zones, T-lymphocytes in the paracortex of lymph nodes and medulla of thymus, as well as a variety of different macrophage types, including Langerhans cells and dermal macrophages. Furthermore, although BE2-positive T-lymphocytes were most frequent in malignant lymphomas, they were also found in four of 19 benign dermatoses. We conclude that BE2 is neither T-cell nor tumour-cell specific, and that use of this reagent on tissue sections is unlikely to improve the diagnosis of cutaneous lymphomas.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1986

T-cell origin of Lennert's lymphoma.

The arrangement of the T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin genes has been analysed in five cases of Lennert's lymphoma. All cases showed rearrangement of the gene coding for the beta chain of the T-cell receptor and a germline configuration of the immunoglobulin genes. This provides strong evidence that Lennert's lymphoma is a T-cell lymphoma.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1986

Dendritic reticulum cells in reactive lymph nodes and tonsils: an immunohistological study.

There has recently been much interest in the patterns of follicular dendritic reticulum cells (DRC) in pathological lymph nodes, particularly in relation to the phenomenon of DRC break-up (thought to be pathognomonic of AIDS-related lymphadenopathies) and to progressive transformation of germinal centres (as a possible precursor of lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease). In the present study we have immunostained twenty-nine reactive lymph nodes and five tonsils with monoclonal antibody R4/23 (DAKO-DRC) in order to evaluate the frequency of such changes in lymphoid tissue unaffected by AIDS or Hodgkin's disease. Most of the specimens contained typical secondary follicles with clearly defined germinal centres and mantle zones. There were two variants in lymph nodes showing follicular hyperplasia characterized by (i) progressive transformation of germinal centres and (ii) inclusions of nests of small lymphocytes within germinal centres. In each of these types of follicles the compact evenly-distributed meshwork of DRCs, as previously described, was seen. However there were considerable variations in DRC meshwork in each category (the pattern could not be predicted from the morphology) with examples in all three of the DRC break-up previously considered specific for the AIDS related lymphadenopathy. Since none of the lymph nodes and tonsils studied had any known relationship to either Hodgkin's disease or AIDS it is argued that none of the changes in the DRC meshwork observed are specific for these conditions.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1986

Cellular heterogeneity in lung cancer.

Sixty-six lung carcinomas have been examined by light and electron microscopy, as well as by immunocytochemical techniques using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. There was considerable heterogeneity with regard to cell type and in only 18 cases was it possible to classify the tumour as a solely small cell, squamous or adenocarcinoma. In the remaining cases there was evidence of two or three cell types. These findings support the thesis that all lung cancers are derived from a pluripotential basal or reserve cell in the bronchial mucosa which may proliferate along one or more lines of differentiation. This view of the histogenesis of lung cancer would account for the heterogeneous appearance of many tumours and the difficulty experienced in placing them in one of the standard classifications.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1986

Neoplastic angioendotheliosis--further evidence supporting a lymphoid origin.

Neoplastic angioendotheliosis is a rare condition, most commonly presenting with a bizarre neurological illness associated with multifocal cerebral infarction due to the occlusion of small blood vessels by neoplastic cells. The histogenesis of the malignant cells is controversial with previous suggestions of an endothelial, epithelial or lymphoid origin. We have studied a case immunohistologically using a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies recognizing a range of lymphoid, endothelial and epithelial antigens. The results indicate that the malignant cells were of B-lymphoid origin. We also report a second case in which a patient with a high grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma developed multiple painful skin nodules which showed the histological features of neoplastic angioendotheliosis. These findings support the view that neoplastic angioendotheliosis is a lymphoma with a propensity to localize and proliferate in small blood vessels throughout the body.

Aged↗

PubMed1986

Evidence for monoclonal T lymphocyte proliferation in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.

The arrangement of the T cell receptor and immunoglobulin genes was analysed in lymphoid tissue biopsy specimens from 25 cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Nineteen cases showed a rearrangement of the gene coding for the beta chain of the T cell receptor, and in one case a clonal rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes was shown (in which the T cell receptor gene was in a germline configuration). These findings indicate that a monoclonal T cell proliferation is present in most cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, and they also correlate with the fact that some patients who present with this disorder subsequently develop a T cell lymphoma.

Cell Division↗

PubMed1986

Epithelial membrane antigen and cytokeratin expression by meningiomas: an immunohistological study.

Thirteen meningiomas of varying light microscopic features were studied immunohistologically using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against epithelial, mesenchymal, and neural components. All 13 meningiomas showed expression of epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin, and S100 protein, as did normal meninges. Five of the 13 meningiomas also showed focal expression of cytokeratins, with double labelling showing expression of cytokeratins and vimentin by different cells. The cytokeratin expression was especially noticeable in cells surrounding the hyaline bodies of meningiomas. These results provide further evidence that meningiomas have features of both mesenchymal and epithelial tissues.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗

PubMed1986

Reactivity of T lymphotropic retrovirus antibody (12/1-2) in man: comparison of epidermis with other epithelial cells.

The reactivity of a monoclonal antibody against human T lymphotropic retrovirus (antibody 12/1-2, recognising the HTLV-1 p19 internal core viral protein) with benign and malignant cutaneous biopsy specimens was examined and compared with results obtained on normal skin, on various other human cells and tissues, and on immunoblotted extracts of tonsil squamous epithelium. In keeping with previous studies, 12/1-2 labelled a proportion of the thymic epithelial stroma and the entire layer of basal cells in stratified non-keratinized and keratinized epithelium. Furthermore, antibody 12/1-2 reacted with basal cell carcinomas and showed an essentially identical staining pattern in normal skin, cutaneous T cell lymphomas, and a range of benign dermatoses. The dot blot preparations showed that 12/1-2 recognised an antigen associated with keratin intermediate filaments. These data indicate that antibody 12/1-2 forms a useful marker for subsets of epithelial cells, which presumably participate in T cell education, and that a range of cutaneous disorders of widely different aetiology show no abnormalities in epithelial expression of this antigen.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1986

Immunocytochemical characterisation of cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides.

The immunophenotypic properties of 25 cutaneous non-Hodgkin lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome were investigated and correlated with clinical and histopathological data. The 11 low grade lymphomas were all of B cell origin, whereas the 14 high grade lymphomas comprised B and T cell tumours, true histiocytic proliferations, and one "nul" cell lymphoid neoplasm. For the high grade lymphomas correct prediction of the immunological phenotype based on morphological criteria was only possible in three cases. In contrast, all of the low grade lymphomas showed the non-epidermotropic infiltration pattern considered to be characteristic of cutaneous B cell tumours. For these conditions, however, immunophenotypic investigations provided a convenient means of improving discrimination between benign (polyclonal) and malignant (monoclonal) lesions, and also showed similarities with nodal lymphomas in terms of expression of lymphoid subset markers and composition of the non-neoplastic white cell infiltrate. No differences were identified between primary and secondary or concurrent cutaneous and extracutaneous lymphomas. Cutaneous non-Hodgkin lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms and most of these disorders are likely to represent cutaneous equivalents of nodal malignancies. Immunophenotypic investigations form a useful supplement to their histogenetic characterisation and may provide a common conceptual basis for their classification.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

New approach to assessing lung tumours in man.

One hundred and four surgically resected lung tumours were labelled in either cryostat or freeze dried sections with a monoclonal antibody (Ki67), which reacts with a nuclear antigen expressed by proliferating cells. The tumours were categorised semiquantitatively into four proliferative grades, a classification that can be performed rapidly and reproducibly by the pathologist. In keeping with previous cell kinetic studies all small cell carcinomas had high proliferation rates, whereas the carcinoid tumours were in the lowest grade. In contrast, the adenocarcinomas (27 cases) and squamous cell carcinomas (63 cases) varied widely in their proliferative state, in keeping with their heterogeneous, morphological, and clinical behaviour. Immunocytochemical labelling of lung tumour biopsy specimens with antibody Ki67 is a simple technique within the scope of routine surgical pathology laboratories, which might enable these tumours to be classified according to their proliferative status and treatment to be selected accordingly.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1986

Human lung tumours may coexpress different classes of intermediate filaments.

Ninety four pulmonary neoplasms were examined immunocytochemically with two or three different monoclonal antibodies against the intermediate filament proteins cytokeratin, neurofilament, vimentin, and desmin. In normal tissues these have a different and non-overlapping distribution, and it is generally believed that tumours maintain the same pattern of expression as the tissues from which they arise. In this report, however, the coexpression of at least two (and less commonly three or four) different intermediate filaments was seen in 40% (37 of 94) of the cases of lung cancer. These results, especially if confirmed in other common types of human malignancy, have considerable implications for the use of anti-intermediate filament antibodies in diagnostic pathology.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1986

A new monoclonal antibody (KB61) recognizing a novel antigen which is selectively expressed on a subpopulation of human B lymphocytes.

The present paper describes a new monoclonal antibody (KB61) raised against hairy cell leukaemia cells. Antibody KB61 recognizes a molecule of approximately 40,000 molecular weight on human B cells. It reacts with B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, in primary lymphoid follicles, in the mantle zone of secondary follicles, in interfollicular areas and in splenic marginal zone areas. However, germinal centre lymphoid cells do not express the antigen recognized by antibody KB61. The antibody shows limited reactivity outside the lymphoid system, i.e. polymorphs, tissue macrophages endothelial cells in the hepatic sinusoids. Antibody KB61 discriminates between different types of B-cell malignancies, reacting with the neoplastic cells in hairy cell leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (of B-cell type), prolymphocytic leukaemia and centrocytic lymphoma, but not with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, germinal centre-derived lymphomas (other than centrocytic), Burkitt's lymphoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma. Antibody KB61 may be of value in the study of B-cell subpopulations and in the differential diagnosis of B-cell neoplasms.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1986

Immunohistological analysis of human mononuclear phagocytes and dendritic cells by using monoclonal antibodies.

Mononuclear phagocytes and dendritic cells were analyzed in detail with a panel of monoclonal antibodies by immunoalkaline phosphatase and immunofluorescence techniques. The panel included two antibodies (KB90 and SHCL3) against the two chain membrane constituent, P150,95, an antibody (Mo1) against C3bi receptor, an antibody (To5) against C3b receptor, and two antibodies (Mo2 and UCHM1) against a single chain glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 55 to 60 previously found on monocyte/macrophages. In addition, the panel contained several antibodies including EBM11, LeuM3 and FMC32 whose molecular specificities are not known at present. Frozen sections of spleen, bone marrow, thymus, lymph node, liver, brain, lung, kidney, colon, and skin were examined. Several populations of mononuclear phagocytes and dendritic cells could be distinguished on the basis of their reactivity with the antibody panel. Populations of macrophages resident in parenchymal organs had reaction patterns distinct from those of circulating macrophages. Many of the antibodies in the panel reacted with both macrophages and dendritic cells suggesting a close cytogenic, if not functional, relationship between these cells. There was wide variability in the reactions of macrophages and dendritic cells in different tissue and less variability among cells within individual anatomic locations.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1986

An evaluation of the utility of anti-granulocyte and anti-leukocyte monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease.

The immunoreactivity of six different monoclonal antigranulocyte antibodies (Leu M1, TG1, 3C4, BY/87a, BY/37a, and 3CD1) has been evaluated in 23 cases of Hodgkin's disease (7 lymphocyte predominant, 12 nodular sclerosing, and 5 mixed cellularity); in a variety of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and in a series of reactive and benign lesions of lymph nodes. Applying a monoclonal antibody (PD7/26) to leukocyte common antigen (T200), we have also investigated reports that the L&H variants in nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease are strongly immunoreactive for leukocyte common antigen in contrast to the lack of reactivity of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells and variants thereof in other forms of Hodgkin's disease. All six monoclonal anti-granulocyte antibodies reacted against RS cells and "Hodgkin's cells" in the nodular sclerosing (NSHD) and mixed cellularity (MCHD) types, with strong cell membrane and juxtanuclear (Golgi) staining. In contrast an anti-leukocyte antibody PD7/26 was unreactive with RS cells and variants thereof in NSHD and MCHD. On the other hand, RS cells and L&H variants thereof in the nodular L&H form of Hodgkin's disease (nodular lymphocyte predominant type) showed reactivity with PD7/26 but not with the anti-granulocyte markers. Rare L&H cells in 2 cases of diffuse lymphocyte predominant type showed reactivity with some, but not all, of the anti-granulocyte antibodies. These findings provide further support for the concept that the nodular L&H type of Hodgkin's disease represents an entity distinct from other forms of this disorder. Our studies also demonstrate the usefulness of these immunoperoxidase techniques when applied to formalinfixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗

PubMed1985

Rearrangement of the T-cell-receptor beta-chain gene in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders.

The arrangement of the T-cell-receptor and immunoglobulin genes has been analysed in 77 cases of lymphoproliferative disorder. All 6 T-cell leukaemias and 16 of 19 T-cell lymphomas showed rearrangement of the gene coding for the beta chain of the T-cell receptor, associated in all cases with a germline arrangement of the immunoglobulin genes. All 36 B-cell leukaemias and all 16 B-cell lymphomas showed rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes; the T-cell-receptor gene was in the germline configuration in most of these cases but showed a rearranged pattern in 3 cases (2 chronic lymphatic leukaemias and 1 immunoblastic lymphoma). The combined use of T-cell-receptor and immunoglobulin gene probes promises to be a valuable means of identifying and classifying T-cell neoplasms.

Autoradiography↗

PubMed1985

Clinical importance of analysing malignant tumours of uncertain origin with immunohistological techniques.

The value of immunohistology in the histopathological diagnosis of malignant tumours was evaluated in a series of 120 consecutive routinely processed biopsy specimens, all of which had been referred by histopathologists because of diagnostic difficulties. The specimens were analysed by means of a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies reactive with antigens which resist routine tissue processing. The tumours had previously been considered unclassifiable (24 cases) or categorised as probable carcinomas (43 cases) or lymphomas (53 cases). All but 8 of the 120 cases could be classified with the immunohistological technique. Lymphoma was the commonest diagnosis (66%) and accounted for 29 of the 43 cases initially thought most likely to be anaplastic carcinomas. Immunohistological methods can now resolve the majority of difficulties arising over the histological diagnosis of malignant tumours, and these methods should therefore be used on a wide scale by diagnostic histopathology laboratories.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗