Over a dose range up to 50 Gy of low-LET (linear energy transfer) ionizing radiation and up to 5 kJ/m2 UVB, mammalian cells convert molecular damage into productive response (mostly gain of function). By inactivation of negative regulatory components, such as protein tyrosine phosphatases as one mechanism discovered, the balance between restraining and stimulating influences is disturbed and an increase in signal flow results. Also DNA damage causing transcriptional arrest produces a signalling cascade of as yet unknown details. Such stimulation of the intracellular communication network can lead to apoptosis, elevated cell cycling and differentiation processes possibly including repair and recombination. The outcome likely depends on integration of all signals received which is as yet ill-understood. Although accurate determinations of low-dose inductions have not been achieved for technical reasons, the dose-response curves of induced signal transduction likely show threshold characteristics, in contrast to the direct consequences of DNA damage.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Doctoral education in community health nursing: a national survey.

The purpose of this study was to identify content areas specific to community health nursing in doctoral programs throughout the United States. The research foci related to community health nursing were compared with previously identified research priorities in the field. Surveys were sent to 52 doctoral program directors; 23 questionnaires were completed. Telephone interviews were conducted with 16 program directors to clarify responses. Newer programs tended to be more generally focussed and without doctoral specialty courses of any kind. The four programs that identified community health nursing as a specialty within their curriculum were some of the oldest and largest programs in the country.

Community Health Nursing↗

PubMedDate not supplied

C4 and HLA haplotypes associated with partial inhibition of anti-Rg and anti-Ch.

Rg and Ch typing was performed, by serum inhibition, on 145 families that had been typed for HLA/C4/BF/C2 with a view to assessing partial inhibition (p.i.) of anti-Rg/Ch and its haplotype associations. Rg p.i. was found predominantly with the C4A*3A*2,B*QO homoduplicated C4 haplotype and BFF. The original type of Ch p.i. (Nordhagen et al., 1980) was closely associated with the allotype C4B 2, which also occasionally exhibited complete inhibition (c.i.), but this Ch p.i. was also found with the C4A*1,B*QO haplotype (Rittner et al., 1984a). The second type of Ch p.i. (Giles, 1984) was closely associated with the C4B 1 allotype most frequently in the haplotype C4A*6,B*1 but also with C4A*3,B*1. Both types of Ch p.i. are usually found with BF S. The present data indicate that the determinants of Rg and Ch are not directly related to any particular C4 allotype or extended haplotype. Further examples of C4A 1 with Ch and C4B 5 without Ch determinants have been detected and theoretical considerations are discussed as to how they might have arisen from unequal crossovers in homologous regions that result in hybrid protein molecules.

Alleles↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Women's health: a call for nursing action.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

American Nurses' Association↗