[Initial symptoms of hyperthyroidism in a young man with lumbar pain].
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Abdomen↗
Biomedical subjects
K Beckh
Publications and source records attributed to K Beckh.
Sonographic measurement of thickened bowel wall segments as a quantitative parameter for activity in inflammatory bowel disease.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with morphological changes of the bowel wall that can be visualized by abdominal ultrasound (US). This method is a tool to detect the extent of bowel wall thickening and the length of involved segments. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of sonographic measurement of inflamed bowel wall segments as a quantitative parameter for disease activity. 137 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 32 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) were included in the present study. A total 356 US examinations were performed within a one-year period. In a segment-by-segment analysis we determined the "volume of inflamed bowel wall" (VIB) by measuring wall thickness and longitudinal extent of pathologically altered bowel segments. VIB was used as a quantitative parameter for disease activity based on sonomorphological findings. At the same time the following parameters were also determined: CD activity index (CDAI) in patients with CD, clinical activity index (CAI) in patients with UC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). We found no relevant correlation between VIB and biochemical indices of inflammation (ESR, CRP) and between VIB and clinical activity of IBD (CDAI, CAI). All correlation coefficients were below 0.5. It can be concluded that the extent of inflammatory changes of the bowel wall detected by US is not strictly associated with clinical activity and laboratory parameters of inflammation.
Adolescent↗
An epidemiologic survey of human alveolar echinococcosis in southwestern Germany. Römerstein Study Group.
The inhabitants of a rural community in southwestern Germany were examined for alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The study was prompted by the recent increase of the prevalence of the parasite in foxes and the increase of fox populations: in the study area, 75% of the foxes carried Echinococcus multilocularis. The human population was screened using hepatic ultrasound and serology. All participants were interviewed for demographic and potential risk factors. Of 2,560 participants, one was identified with active AE, while 3 others had suspicious liver lesions. Another 9 participants were seropositive for specific antibodies without detectable lesions. Demographic and behavioral factors were not correlated with active or suspected cases nor with seropositivity. If the prevalence of 40/100,000 (95% confidence interval = 15-295/100,000) for active cases would be representative for the rural population in high endemicity areas, the current number of AE cases in southwestern Germany is considerably higher than previously suspected.
Adolescent↗
HCV and HGV in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: A causative role of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) has been discussed in the pathogenesis of mixed cryoglobulinaemia and in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. No data are available concerning the newly discovered hepatitis G virus (HGV) and extrahepatic manifestations such as haematological malignancies. But, HCV and HGV most probably belong to the same family of Flavivirus. Consequently, we looked for the prevalence of HCV, HGV and cryoglobulins in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. METHODS: Serum samples from 69 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied. Diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was established according to the Kiel classification. Active HCV- and HGV infections were investigated using polymerase chain reaction for detection of viral RNA. Cryoglobulins were detected from serum and monoclonal immunoglobulin components were analysed with immunofixation electrophoresis. In addition, we assessed the clinical course of HCV- and HGV-infected patients under chemotherapy. RESULTS: Three of 69 (4.3%) patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were HCV-infected and nine non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients (13.0%) were positive for hepatitis G virus RNA. All HGV infected patients were suffering from low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. No HGV-infected patient was co-infected by HCV and neither HCV- nor HGV-infected patients showed clinical signs of chronic liver disease before, during or after chemotherapy. Serum samples from all patients were devoid of cryoglobulins. CONCLUSIONS: HCV seems to have no significance for the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Germany. The increased prevalence of hepatitis G (16.3%) in patients with low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma could suggest a pathological consequence of HGV infection outside of the liver. Evidence of clinically relevant hepatic disease in HGV infected patients was not obtained. Further, chemotherapy does not seem to affect the subsequent clinical course of HGV infection.
Adult↗
Oral L-ornithine-L-aspartate therapy of chronic hepatic encephalopathy: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: In the current state of knowledge of the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy, a reduction in hyperammonemia is the most important evidence of effective treatment. Therefore, the therapeutic efficacy of oral L-ornithine-L-aspartate, which improves impaired ammonia detoxification, was investigated in patients with cirrhosis, hyperammonemia and stable, overt, chronic hepatic encephalopathy, and in subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. METHODS: Oral L-ornithine-L-aspartate was administered three times daily at fixed times for 14 consecutive days in a total dose of 18 g per day. The design was chosen to prevent an increase in ammonia induced by a protein meal of 0.25 g/kg body weight, given at the start of the daily treatment period. Efficacy variables were: fasting and postprandial ammonia concentration, Number-Connection-Test time, mental state grades, and a Portosystemic Encephalopathy Index. Analyses were based on the total study sample of 32 placebo- and 34 L-ornithine-L-aspartate-treated patients as well as on the subgroup samples in the overt (20 placebo- and 23 L-ornithine-L-aspartate-treated) and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (12 placebo- and 11 L-ornithine-L-aspartate-treated) patients. RESULTS: Number Connection Test performance times (p<0.01) as well as fasting (p<0.01) and postprandial (p<0.05) venous blood ammonia concentrations in the L-ornithine-L-aspartate-treated group showed improvement in comparison to placebo. Also, the mental state grade (p<0.05) and the Portosystemic Encephalopathy Index (p<0.01), improved to a much greater degree in the L-ornithine-L-aspartate group than in the placebo group. Adverse events were observed in neither the placebo nor the L-ornithine-L-aspartate-treated patients. CONCLUSION: Oral L-ornithine-L-aspartate is a safe, well-tolerated treatment with a good compliance rate and a beneficial therapeutic effect in patients with cirrhosis and stable, overt, chronic hepatic encephalopathy.
Administration, Oral↗
Gallstone prevalence in Germany: the Ulm Gallbladder Stone Study.
The Ulm Gallbladder Stone Study is the first ultrasound-based epidemiologic survey of cholecystolithiasis in the former West Germany. A study population of 1116 blood donors (656 men, age 38.0 +/- 12.0 years; 460 women, age 34.1 +/- 11.2 years) at the Central Blood Bank of the German Red Cross in Ulm was examined between April 1994 and February 1995. Based on age, subjects were assigned to one of four groups (18-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51-65 years). Following a structured interview of each study subject, an ultrasound examination was carried out and a blood sample obtained for laboratory study. Overall, 6.0% (95% (95% CI: 4.8%-7.6%) of all study subjects (5.8% of the men and 6.3% of the women) exhibited evidence of current or past gallbladder disease (cholelithiasis or history of cholecystectomy). The prevalence of gallbladder disease correlated positively with age, reaching a maximum of 13.7% (9.5-20.0) in the 51- to 65-year-old age group, and also correlated as with body mass index (BMI). Female subjects with previous full-term pregnancies showed a higher prevalence of cholelithiasis, but this difference was not statistically significant for age-adjusted analysis. Subjects with a family history of cholelithiasis were found to suffer from gallstones in 11.5% (8.0-16.7) of cases compared with 4.6% (3.4%-6.3%) of subjects without such family history. Autopsy studies conducted in Germany have shown the prevalence of gallstones to be about 13.1% in men and 33.8% in women. Our sonographic data are relatively low in comparison. This may be due, in part, to the specific selection characteristics inherent in retrospective autopsy studies, such as age distribution and the presence of other pathologic factors associated with increased risk for cholelithiasis. The Ulm data rank in the lower third of the prevalence range reported for European sonographic studies to date. Age, positive family history, and increased BMI all correlated positively with the prevalence of gallbladder disease (P < 0.05). For the study population as a whole, there was no gender-specific increased risk for the development of gallstones.
Adult↗
[Clinical value of the CA 19-9 tumor marker with special reference to the Lewis phenotype].
BACKGROUND: Because of structure and biosynthesis of CA 19-9, it was postulated that patients with the Lewis phenotype Le(a-b-) are not able to synthesize CA 19-9. But some patients with Le(a-b-) on red blood cells showed elevated levels of this tumor marker. PATIENTS AND METHOD: In 164 patients suffering from benign or malignant diseases both CA 19-9 and the Lewis phenotype were determined in sera. In addition in 51 patients red blood cells were tested for Lewis substances. RESULTS: The frequencies of the different Lewis phenotypes on red blood cells were compared with the results found in sera. The prevalence of the phenotype Le(a-b-) on erythrocytes was significantly higher than in sera. In 51 patients both determinations were performed. These results were compared additionally. The phenotype Le(a-b-) found on red blood cells agreed with the results found in sera only in 30% of the cases. A loss of Lewis substances on erythrocytes could be seen both in malignant and benign diseases. Only in patients with Lewis substances found in sera elevated levels of CA 19-9 could be seen. CONCLUSION: Considering only the Lewis phenotype in sera, it could be confirmed that patients with the genotype Le(a-b-)are not able to express elevated concentrations of CA 19-9.
Aged↗
Nitric oxide formation lowers norepinephrine-induced intrahepatic resistance without major effects on the metabolism in the perfused rat liver.
Nitric oxide (NO) and norepinephrine are potent vasoactive agents that are involved in the control of portal blood flow. We have studied NO and norepinephrine in a non-recirculated rat liver perfusion to analyze their influence on portal flow and hepatic metabolism. Animals were either pretreated with endotoxin (4 hours; 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) to activate the inducible NO synthase (NOS2), or used without pretreatment for the constitutive NO synthase (NOS3). In both groups, portal flow, bile flow, bile secretion, and the sinusoidal bile acid uptake were reduced by norepinephrine with a simultaneous increase of glucose and lactate output. The addition of the substrate for NO synthesis, L-arginine (0.5 mmol/L), to the perfusate markedly inhibited the effect of 0.1 micromol/L norepinephrine on portal flow from -2.6 +/- 0.32 to 0.3 +/- 0.1 mL/g/10 min in endotoxin-treated animals, and from -2.9 +/- 0.45 to 0.77 +/- 0.29 mL/g/10 min in the untreated ones. In contrast, neither NO formation after L-arginine supplementation nor inhibition of NO synthesis via the structural analogue (N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine [L-NMMA]) changed cholestatic and glycogenolytic effects caused by norepinephrine. Only the sinusoidal bile acid uptake was reduced following increased NO formation. Thus, we conclude that endogenous NO formation prevents alpha-catecholaminergic-increased intrahepatic resistance without a major influence on the metabolic effects.
Animals↗
Impairment of hepatic transport processes in perfused rat liver by the specific CCK receptor antagonist loxiglumide.
The specific cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonist loxiglumide has been used in several human and animal studies to investigate the role of CCK in gastrointestinal physiology. In the present study, the interference of this CCK receptor antagonist with hepatic transport processes was characterized in the perfused rat liver. Indocyanine green, an organic dye which is secreted into bile without being metabolized, was taken up in control experiments at a rate of 68.1 +/- 7.7%. The CCK receptor antagonist lowered the extraction to 0.5 +/- 2.6% (P < 0.001). The compound diminished the hepatic extraction of CCK-8 from 90.95 +/- 2.60% to 4.90 +/- 1.95% (P < 0.001) and of gastrin from 22.2 +/- 1.1% to 8.2 +/- 1.9% (P < 0.001). The hepatic extraction of lidocaine, which is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system, was only slightly altered. For leukotrienes and taurocholate, the rate-limiting step for transport into bile is secretion across the canalicular membrane; the hepatic extraction of leukotriene D4 was markedly diminished by loxiglumide whereas the transport of taurocholate was only slightly inhibited. The present study demonstrates that the specific CCK receptor antagonist loxiglumide diminished the hepatic extraction of various substances, including peptides and organic anions. It did not interfere with the cytochrome P450 system. The pronounced reduction of hepatic uptake of indocyanine green and leukotriene may be due to an interference with the transport system of these substances in the liver.
Animals↗
Effects of nitric oxide on leukotriene D4 decreased bile secretion in the perfused rat liver.
Nitric oxide (NO) and leukotrienes are potent vasoactive agents that are involved in the control of portal blood flow. The present study investigated the role of leukotriene D4 and NO in a non-recirculating constant pressure rat liver perfusion model to analyse their interchanges on portal flow and bile secretion. The addition of leukotriene D4 (20 nM) to the perfusate for 5 minutes resulted in a decrease in portal blood flow (-55.3%), in bile flow (-24.4%) as well as bile acid release (-35.2%). In parallel, leukotriene D4 increased glucose output. The administration of a lower dose of leukotriene D4 (5 nM) reduced the respective parameters to a lesser degree, indicating dose-dependence. The addition of NO via the infusion of sodium nitroprusside (0.05 mM, 1 mM) reduced the effect of leukotriene D4 on portal flow, bile flow and bile acid secretion whereas the leukotriene D4 effects on hepatic glucose output remained unaffected. Correlation coefficient between decrease in portal flow and reduction of bile flow by infusing leukotriene D4 was R = 0.91, while in the presence of sodium nitroprusside R = 0.85. These results suggest that the leukotriene D4-induced cholestasis is dependent on portal flow. In contrast, hepatic vasoconstriction does not contribute to glycogenolysis stimulated by leukotriene D4 in the perfused liver.
Animals↗
Gastric hypersensitivity in nonulcer dyspepsia: an inconsistent finding.
Visceral hypersensitivity is claimed to be involved in the pathogenesis of nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD). We evaluated whether gastric hypersensitivity is a consistent finding in an unselected group of NUD patients. In 11 patients and 20 healthy controls, a standardized gastric distension was performed using a gastric barostat. Perception was scored by a questionnaire and compared between the two groups. There was a linear pressure/volume relationship during gastric distension in both groups. The pain threshold in NUD patients was significantly lower compared to controls [5.5 +/- 4.0 mm Hg above minimal distending pressure (mdp) and 10.2 +/- 2.2 mm Hg above mdp, respectively, P < 0.004], irrespective of the H. pylori status. However, more than 50% of the NUD perception scores were in the control range at most distension levels. Gastric hypersensitivity could be confirmed in NUD patients as a group. However, there is a considerable overlap concerning perception in response to distension between unselected NUD patients and controls.
Adult↗
Proximal gastric motility functions are normal in severe obesity.
The role of altered gastric motor functions for the development of obesity is still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether severe obesity is related to gastric dysfunctions or to abnormal perception in response to distension. 31 obese patients and 20 healthy volunteers were studied using an electronic barostat. Basal gastric tone, gastric accommodation, and perception in response to distension were not altered in obese patients. The median minimal distending pressure, reflecting the intra-abdominal pressure, was significantly elevated in obese patients, being 12 versus 7 mm Hg, respectively (p < 0.0001). We conclude that the proximal gastric motility, including perception and accommodation in response to intragastric distension, is not impaired in severe obesity. Whether disturbances of gastric reflex relaxation in response to a meal are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity remains to be established.
Adult↗
Gallstone prevalence in relation to smoking, alcohol, coffee consumption, and nutrition. The Ulm Gallstone Study.
BACKGROUND: Besides considering well-known risk factors for the development of gallbladder stones, such as age, sex, fecundity, and hereditary predisposition, efforts at prevention have focused increasingly on other factors, such as nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine consumption, as well as general nutrition, which may be modified. METHODS: A total of 1116 blood donors were examined between April 1994 and February 1995 in the central blood bank of the German Red Cross in Ulm, Germany. Each subject received a questionnaire and underwent to an upper abdominal ultrasound examination. RESULTS: Gallbladder stone disease (current cholecystolithiasis and history of cholecystectomy) was detailed in 5.8% of the men and 6.3% of the women. Neither regularity nor number of daily meals correlated with the frequency of gallstone disease. Vegetarians (n = 48), as a group, were not found to have gallstones. In relation to the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine higher prevalence of cholecystolithiasis was found only in heavy drinkers of coffee (P = 0.051; odds ratio (OR), 1.083; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.999, 1.174). CONCLUSION: Results of the present study do not show a definite relationship between nutritional factors and the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, or caffeine and an increased prevalence of gallbladder stone disease.
Adult↗
Evaluation of the 13C-methacetin breath test for quantitative liver function testing.
Noninvasive 13C-breath tests are used for the assessment of hepatocellular dysfunction. 13C-methacetin is metabolized in the liver by O-demethylation to 13CO2 and acetaminophen. The aim of the study was to evaluate the 13C-methacetin breath test in comparison to the Child-Pugh score and other quantitative liver function tests (MEGX-test and indocyanin green-clearance). 2 mg/kg 13C-methacetin were orally given to 31 patients with histologically proven liver cirrhosis of different etiology and severity (nine Child A, 13 Child B, nine Child C), ten patients with chronic viral hepatitis and ten healthy volunteers. The increase of exhaled 13CO2 was expressed as delta over baseline (DOB; delta /1000). Different DOB-values were compared as parameters for assessing hepatocellular dysfunction. All breath test parameters analyzed provided an excellent discrimination between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic individuals. The DOB-value at 20 min showed a superior correlation with the Child-Pugh score (r = 0.67) than did MEGX-test or indocyanine green clearance results (r = 0.39 and r = 0.43, respectively). With a cut-off value of < or = 25 delta /1000 at 20 min, sensitivity and specificity to discriminate between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic individuals was 93.5% and 95%, respectively. The 13C-methacetin breath test is a safe and precise quantitative liver function test. Using one single breath sample 20 min after substrate administration, the test discriminates well between cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients. Its prognostic value remains to be established.
Acetamides↗
Portal vein thrombosis and multiple liver abscesses in Crohn's disease--an example for successful conservative treatment.
We report about a 27-year-old patient with Crohn's disease presenting with two complications; Portal vein thrombosis and multiple liver abscesses. Conservative treatment with antibiotics and percutaneous catheter drainage was successful, the liver abscesses disappeared. 18 months later the patient presented in best condition. Ultrasound showed cavernous transformation of the portal vein system and splenomegaly, discrete esophageal varices were seen by esophagogastroscopy. This is an example for an excellent course under conservative therapy of liver abscesses, on the other hand it is the first reported case of a patient with a combination of portal vein thrombosis and multiple liver abscesses in Crohn's disease.
Adult↗
Reduction of bile secretion by prostaglandins in the rat in vivo.
Bile secretion has been reported to be regulated by circulating hormones and by autonomic liver nerves. In the in situ perfused rat liver, prostaglandins reduce bile flow and bile acid secretion. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of bile secretion by prostaglandins in the in vivo situation. The bile duct and portal vein of anaesthetised Wistar rats were cannulated by polyethylene tubes. Bile flow was determined gravimetrically. Bile acids were quantified by the 3-alpha-hydroxy-steroid-dehydrogenase method and by high-pressure-liquid-chromatography (HPLC) separation. Administration of 1 microM prostaglandin F2 alpha into the portal vein over 5 minutes reduced bile flow from 1.57 microliter/min.g liver to 0.95 microliter/min.g liver and bile acids secretion from 148 to 81 nmol/100g/min. The administration of different doses (0.1 microM, 1 microM, 10 microM) of prostaglandin F2 alpha reduced hepatic bile secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Similar effects were observed after infusion of prostaglandin D2. However, the ratio of the bile acids (alpha-tauromuricholic acid), beta-tauromuricholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, and taurodeoxycholic acid) was unchanged by prostaglandin F2 alpha. In conclusion, infusion of prostaglandin F2 alpha into the portal vein results in a reduction of bile flow and bile acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the effect is linked to canicular bile secretion.
Animals↗
Effects of epinephrine on glucose metabolism in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.
The cirrhotic liver has been shown to be resistant to the actions of various glucoregulatory hormones. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of epinephrine on hepatic glucose metabolism in cirrhotic patients. Thirteen cirrhotic and eight healthy subjects were studied. Hepatic glucose production and turnover of alanine and glycerol were measured using stable isotope technique before and during 70 and 150 minutes of epinephrine infusion (0.1 microgram/kg/min). beta-Adrenoreceptor binding sites and affinity in mononuclear leukocyte membranes also were determined. Hepatic glucose production and alanine turnover in normals significantly increased during epinephrine infusion, but did not change in cirrhotics. Glycerol turnover increased after 70 minutes of epinephrine infusion in both groups. Epinephrine induced a significant rise of high-affinity beta-adrenoreceptor binding sites in normals, yielding a significant correlation between hepatic glucose production and receptor density (r = .94, P < .0001). In cirrhotic patients, similar changes in the number of high-affinity beta-adrenoreceptors were observed, but no correlation with hepatic glucose production was detected. The cirrhotic liver did not respond normally to the stimulatory effect of epinephrine on hepatic glucose production. Because this blunted response was not related to changes of beta-adrenoreceptors, our findings suggest that epinephrine resistance in cirrhosis was caused by a postreceptor defect.
Adult↗
Clinical evaluation of the faecal elastase test in the diagnosis and staging of chronic pancreatitis.
OBJECTIVE: To test the diagnostic accuracy of faecal elastase (FE), a new test of exocrine pancreatic function, in a large prospective population of patients with abdominal complaints. METHODS: Between January 1994 and December 1995, 131 patients (age range 17-82 years) were submitted for exocrine pancreatic function testing. Sixty-three patients had a firm diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) at stage I-III according to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Twenty patients suffered from other pancreatic diseases (PD), and 48 patients had various other gastrointestinal diseases (GD). Fifty-seven healthy controls (HC) were also investigated. Stool specimens were analysed for FE by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for faecal chymotrypsin (FC). The pancreolauryl serum test (PLT) was also performed in 97 patients and 23 healthy controls. RESULTS: FE was 200; 45-500 micrograms/g (median; range) in CP-I (n = 19), 94; 0-400 micrograms/g in CP-II (n = 14) and 38; 0-135 micrograms/g in CP-III patients (n = 30). With a cutoff of 200 micrograms/g, abnormal test results were found in 47% of CP-I, 79% of CP-II and 100% of CP-III patients; in 30% of PD patients, in 38% of GD patients and in 7% of HC. Sensitivity of abnormal FE in diagnosing CP was 79% (FC: 48%; PLT: 71%). The specificity of only 62% (FC: 73%; PLT: 67%) in the GD group increased to 78% (FC: 81%; PLT: 77%) when patients with small bowel diseases and diarrhoea (n = 22) were excluded. CONCLUSION: Faecal elastase is more sensitive than chymotrypsin and comparable to the pancreolauryl test in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Indirect exocrine pancreatic function tests are not helpful to differentiate between pancreatic and small bowel diseases in a prospective population of patients with abdominal complaints.
Adolescent↗