Investigation into the origin and tumoral mass correlation of plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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DNA, Viral↗
Biomedical subjects
Jun Zhang
Publications and source records attributed to Jun Zhang.
Diagnosis and treatment options for nerve sheath tumors.
The purpose of this review is to discuss the contemporary diagnosis and treatment options for nerve sheath tumors. Common nerve sheath tumors include schwannomas, neurofibromas and malignant nerve sheath tumors. Nerve sheath tumors can be associated with genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis and schwannomatosis. There is great variation in terms of tumor location, clinical presentation and treatment strategy. Magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnostic study of choice for nerve sheath tumors and surgery has become the mainstay of treatment for most symptomatic lesions. Progress in microsurgical techniques has resulted in significant improvement in surgical outcome, with preservation of neurologic function. Complete resection of benign nerve sheath tumors is the goal of surgical intervention and this results in cure. In contrast, malignant nerve sheath tumors remain a major challenge with poor outcomes overall. Progress in multidisciplinary research may ultimately lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
Humans↗
[A new type of plantar-pressure distribution measuring system and its application].
It has been shown from medical researches that many diseases are major causes of foot morbidity, which are deeply related to the abnormality of the plantar pressure distribution. In this respect, we made a new type of conductive rubber sensor and designed a dynamic contact pressure measuring system of plantar-pressure distribution with 251 testing points successfully. It includes the multipoint conductive rubber sensor, the interface circuit and the computer data collecting and progressing system. The measuring system can give the intuitional and full-scale image results with the full-court, real time testing. Also in this paper are introduced the design of the system, the testing results, and its applications in primary medical studies.
Biomechanical Phenomena↗
[Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of fulminate pancreatitis].
OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical characteristics of fulminate pancreatitis (FP) and analysis the factors related to prognosis of FP. METHODS: Data of 203 patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) admitted to our hospital within 72 h after onset of symptoms from January 2000 to December 2002 were reviewed. FP was defined as presence of organ dysfunction within 72 h after onset of symptoms. 78 patients had FP, 125 patients without organ dysfunction within 72 h after onset of symptoms had common severe acute pancreatitis (CSAP). The clinical characteristics, incidence of organ dysfunction during hospitalization and prognosis between FP and CSAP were compared, then the factors related to prognosis of FP were analysed. RESULTS: The incidences of T >/= 38.5 degrees C, hypoxemia, shock, white cell count >/= 16 x 10(9)/L, serum calcium < 2.0 mmol/L and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in FP were higher than those in CSAP (71.8% vs 39.2%, 83.3% vs 30.4%, 41.0% vs 12.0%, 64.1% vs 30.4%, 68.0% vs 44.8%, 73.1% vs 11.2%, P < 0.05). Impairment degree of pancreas (Balthazar CT severity index) in FP was more serious than that in CSAP (5.78 +/- 0.83 vs 3.12 +/- 0.57, P < 0.05). FP had a higher mortality than CSAP (44.9% vs 8.8%, P < 0.05). In multiple logistic regression analysis, the main predisposing factors to FP were hypoxemia, MODS and Balthazar CT severity index. CONCLUSIONS: FP is characterised by severe systemic inflammatory response, severe pathological changes of pancreas, high incidence of MODS and high mortality. The main predisposing factors to FP were hypoxemia, MODS and Balthazar CT severity index.
Acute Disease↗
[Complications of transcatheter interventional occlusion of ventricular septal defects].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the complications and their prevention in patients with perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) experiencing transcatheter interventional occlusion. METHODS: From July, 2002 to May, 2004, totally 262 (138 males, 124 females) perimembranous VSD patients underwent transcatheter interventional occlusion in the department. The age ranged from 2 to 18 years (mean 9.3 +/- 5.8 years), and the body weight ranged from 11.0 to 65.0 kg (mean 30.5 kg). The implanted occluder with imported Amplatzer eccentric perimembranous VSD occluder, domestic double-disk, domestic eccentric perimembranous VSD and PDA occluder were attempted in 12, 212, 28 and 6 cases, respectively. Among them, 3 cases were complicated with ductus arteriosus, 4 with atrial septal defects and 1 with patent ductus arteriosus plus atrial septal defect. The associated defects were treated with other occluders at the same time. RESULTS: The diameters of VSD measured by transthoracic echocardiography before occlusion and by ventriculography during the procedure ranged from 2.7 to 13 mm (mean 6.5 mm) and from 1.3 to 14.0 mm (mean 6.8 mm), respectively. The defects in 256 cases (97.7%) were successfully occluded. The implant occluder was from 4 to 16 mm in size. Serious complications occurred in 8 cases (3.1%), including 5 cases of high degree atrioventricular block (AVB) (2.0%), 2 cases of hemolysis (0.8%) and 1 case of displacement of the occluder (0.4%). Amongst 5 cases of high degree AVB, permanent pacemaker was implanted only in 1 case due to high degree AVB 50 days after treatment, whereas the others all recovered. Two cases of hemolysis were completely recovered. One case of occluder displacement was emergently transferred to cardiac surgery. Other complications included residual shunt during 6 month follow-up in 1 case (0.4%), minor aortic regurgitation in 5 cases (2.0%), minor tricuspid regurgitation during 6 month follow-up in 4 cases (1.6%), and accelerated idioventricular rhythm or accelerated atrio-ventricular junctional tachycardia combined with atrioventricular interference-dissociation by ECG in 75 cases (29%) but they recovered after 3 - 5 days of corticosteroid treatment. Forty-one cases (16%) complicated with complete or incomplete right bundle branch block, of whom 50% recovered during follow-up. Still, there were 4 cases (1.6%) who were complicated with complete left bundle branch block but were all recovered during follow-up and 26 cases (10%) who were complicated with intraventricular block. There were no Significant difference in complications between cases who accepted imported Amplatzer occluders and domestic occluders. CONCLUSION: Transcatheter interventional occlusion is a safe, effective and ideal method with low incidence of serious complications for perimembranous VSD. Long term follow-up and clinical research should be carried out to improve the level of VSD interventional therapy.
Adolescent↗
[Antitumor effects of chemotherapeutic drugs on fresh human gastric cancer cells and their relationships to expressions of P-glycoprotein and glutathione S transferase-pi].
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Drug-resistance is a major factor of influencing treatment efficacy of advanced gastric cancer. This study was to evaluate in vitro antitumor effects of different chemotherapeutic drugs on fresh human gastric cancer cells, and explore their relationships with expressions of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and glutathione S transferase -pi (GST-pi) in human gastric cancer tissue. METHODS: A total of 39 specimens of highly purified gastric cancer cells were separately exposed to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), cisplatin (DDP), mitomycin C (MMC), adriamycin (ADM), and hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT). Inhibitory rate of cells was detected by MTT assay. Metabolic activity of cells was detected by trypan blue exclusive assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay (TdT assay). Expressions of GST-pi and P-gp in gastric cancer tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: After exposure to antitumor drugs, morphologic changes, decrease of metabolic activity, and apoptosis were appeared in gastric cancer cells. Inhibitory rates of cancer cells exposed to MMC, DDP, 5-FU were significantly higher than those of cells exposed to ADM, and HCPT [(38.6+/-7.7)%, (38.1+/-8.8)%, and (37.8+/-10.3)% vs. (31.9+/-10.4)%, and (29.7+/-10.2)%, P < 0.01]. Apoptosis rate of cancer cells exposed to CDDP, 5-FU, and MMC were significantly higher than those of cells exposed to HCPT, and ADM [(32.1+/-7.7)%, (31.1+/-8.8)%, and (29.8+/-6.3)% vs. (21.9+/-7.4)%, and (19.9+/- 7.4)%, P < 0.05]. Positive rate of GST-pi was 66.7%(26/39), that of P-gp was 59.0%(23/39). GST-pi positive cells showed resistance to DDP and MMC, P-gp positive cells showed resistance to ADM and HCPT. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpressions of P-gp and GST-pi might contribute to drug-resistance of tumor. Detection of GST-pi and P-gp, together with MTT chemosensitivity test, might be useful for selecting more effective chemotherapeutic drugs.
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
[The effect of pcDNA 3.1/RPs15 on skin fibroblasts in vitro].
OBJECTIVE: To construct eukaryotic expression vector of ribosomal protein sl5(RPs15) gene and study its effect on mouse skin fibroblasts in vitro. METHODS: The RPs15 cDNA encoding region of fetal mouse skin was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method and cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(-). The recombinant plasmid was transfected into adult mouse skin fibroblasts by FuGENE6 transfection reagents. Then the expression of RPs15 gene, was detected and its biological effect on fibroblasts was measured. RESULTS: The DNA sequencing result of pcDNA3.1/RPs15 was identical with the reported. The RPs15 gene was expressed in transfected fibroblasts. The growth density of fibroblasts decreased with the conformation changing accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: The eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1/RPs15 is successively constructed and can be expressed in mouse skin fibroblasts. The results set up a basis for further study of the effect of RPs15 gene on skin fibroblasts.
Animals↗
[Hydrophobicity of reactive site loop of SCCA1 affects its binding to HBV].
Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 (SCCA1), a member of the ovalbumin family of serine protease inhibitors, includes several variants. It was reported that expression of two SCCA1 (BP and AJ515706) in cells results in increased binding of HBV to these cells by the interaction of the expressed BP and AJ515706 with HBV pre-S1 domain. In this study, a SCCA1 (A1) was isolated from HepG2, but it appears to lack this ability. A possible role of two mutants, A1-BP and BP-A1, constructed by interchanging the carboxyl terminal of A1 and BP, was investigated. Cells expressing A1-BP rather than BP-A1 showed an increased virus binding capacity. Comparison of A1 sequence with the sequence of BP indicated the presence of only three amino acid changes in the carboxyl terminal, two of them in the reactive site loop (RSL) of SCCA1. Primary structure analysis revealed that the hydrophobicity of BP and AJ515706 in this domain is higher than that of A1. Changing the aa349 of A1 from low hydrophobic glutamic acid to high hydrophobic valine enhanced HBV binding. In contrast, changing the aa349 of BP from valine to glutamic acid reduced HBV binding. Our finding suggests that the hydrophobicity of RSL of SCCA1 may play an important role in HBV binding to cells.
Antigens, Neoplasm↗
Study of the effects of mild hypothermia on cerebral PO2, PCO2 and pH and body temperature in patients with acute severe head injury.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of mild hypothermia on cerebral oxygen partial pressure, carbon dioxide partial pressure, pH and body temperature (PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT) in patients with acute severe head injury. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with acute severe head injury were treated with mild hypothermia, meantime PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT were monitored in order to study the changes of PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT. RESULTS: In patients with acute head injury, mild hypothermia obviously increased PbrO2, decreased PbrCO2 and CO2 accumulation and acidosis in brain tissue. BT was 1-1.5 deg. higher than rectal temperature (RT) after injury. The BT and RT were decreased when the patients were treated with mild hypothermia, but at the same time the difference between BT and RT was increased. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with acute severe head injury the direct monitoring of PbrO2, PbrCO2, pHbr and BT was safe and reliable, and is helpful in estimating prognosis and mild hypothermia therapy.
Acute Disease↗
[The therapeutic effect of soluble inducible costimulator fusion protein on inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma].
OBJECTIVE: To examine the therapeutic effect of inducible costimulator fusion protein (ICOS-Ig) on airway inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, namely the asthma group (group A), the ICOS-Ig treated group (group B), the control antibody group (group C), and the saline challenged group (group D), with 8 mice in each group. ICOS-Ig was produced by the eukaryotic expression technology. A murine model of allergic asthma was made by sensitizing animals with ovalbumin and exposing them to repeated ovalbumin inhalation challenges. After the mice were treated with ICOS-Ig at the time of ovalbumin challenge, the airway responsiveness, inflammatory cells and the cytokine content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the level of IgE and Th1/Th2 in blood, and the lung histology were measured to observe the effect of the treatment on asthma in vivo. RESULTS: (1) FACS analysis confirmed that ICOS-Ig had the binding activity to B220 murine splenocytes. (2) Trans-pulmonary pressure change was significantly reduced in mice from group B [(33 +/- 12)%] compared with group A [(58 +/- 10)%, P < 0.01]. The total cell numbers of BALF in mice from group B [(5.9 +/- 3.1) x 10(7)/L] were decreased compared with group A [(22.6 +/- 5.3) x 10(7)/L, P < 0.01]. The percentage of eosinophils in BALF in mice from group B (0.020 +/- 0.020) was reduced significantly as compared with group A (0.070 +/- 0.030, P < 0.01). IL-4 content in BALF was reduced in mice from group B [(77 +/- 31)ng/L] compared with group A [(179 +/- 44) ng/L, P < 0.01]. IgE in blood was decreased in mice from group B [(175 +/- 33)microg/L] compared with group A [(282 +/- 22)microg/L, P < 0.01]. Th2 cell numbers in blood were reduced in mice from group B [(4.5 +/- 1.0)% ] compared with group A [(11.1 +/- 2.5)%, P < 0.01]. (3) Compared with group A, the pulmonary inflammation in group B was relieved and inflammatory changes in airway epithelium were absent. CONCLUSION: ICOS-Ig has an inhibitory effect on inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma through the blockade of ICOS costimulatory pathway and decreases the level of IgE by altering differentiation of Th1/Th2 lymphocyte subsets in vivo.
Animals↗
[Biomechanical test study of rat femurs growing under different stress environment].
By creating two kinds of stress environment in the same animal model, we performed a three-point bending test and a compressing test on the rat femurs growing under different stress conditions to characterize the effect of stress on bone mechanical properties. The right hindlimbs were subjected to sciatic nerve resection to become cripple and were used as unloading group; the left hindlimbs bore excess load and made up the overloading group; the normal rats were used as control group. The animals were encouraged to exercise for half an hour everyday in the morning, noon and evening. The experiment observation finished in four weeks. The biomechanical parameters of femur diaphyses were measured. The experiment results showed that stress environment may change several mechanical parameters of rat femurs. This study indicated that bone tissues can adapt to its stress environment by changing its mechanical properties. The experimental model in this article is practical and reliable.
Animals↗
[Effect of inhibiting survivin expression with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HepG2 and HepG2/ADM to adriamycin].
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Survivin deserves attention as a selective target for cancer therapy because it is silenced in differentiated adult tissues, but is expressed in a variety of human tumors, and is involved in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASODN) can be used to inhibit the expression of survivin to induce apoptosis or enhance chemosensitivity of tumor cells. This study was to investigate the effect of inhibiting survivin expression with ASODN on sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines HepG2 and HepG2/ADM to Adriamycin (ADM). METHODS: The expression of survivin in HepG2 and HepG2/ADM cells was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. Sensitivities of HepG2 and HepG2/ADM cells to ASODN and ADM were detected by MTT assay. ASODN was transfected into HepG2 and HepG2/ADM cells; expression of survivin was detected by RT-PCR. Synergetic effects of low concentrations of ASODN and subtoxic concentrations of ADM on HepG2 and HepG2/ADM cells were detected by isobolography. The expression of active Caspase-3 and cell apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS: mRNA level of survivin in HepG2/ADM cells was 15 folds as that in HepG2 cells; protein level of Survivin in HepG2/ADM cells was 18 folds as that in HepG2 cells. Both HepG2 and HepG2/ADM cells were sensitive to ASODN-mediated cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of ASODN was 317.90 nmol/L for HepG2 cells, and 480.74 nmol/L for HepG2/ADM cells. The maximal cytotoxicity was observed at 500 nmol/L of ASODN; the inhibitory rate was 71.10% in HepG2 cells, and 53.67% in HepG2/ADM cells. The IC(50) of ADM was 0.36 microg/ml for HepG2 cells, and 2.12 microg/ml for HepG2/ADM cells; the resistance index was 6. ASODN efficiently down-regulated mRNA level of survivin in both cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. For HepG2 cells, with the IC(50) of 271.93 nmol/L, the maximal effect of ASODN was achieved at a concentration of 400 nmol/L, at which mRNA level of survivin was down-regulated by 69.12%; for HepG2/ADM cells, with the IC(50) of 365.72 nmol/L, its maximal effect was achieved at a concentration of 400 nmol/L, at which mRNA level of survivin was down-regulated by 60.01%. ASODN in combination with ADM synergetically enhanced sensitivity of HepG2 cells to ADM by 6 folds, and HepG2/ADM cells by 4 folds. Combination treatment of ASODN and ADM gradually enhanced activity of Caspase-3 and cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, and resulted in caspase-dependent cell death in HepG2/ADM cells. CONCLUSION: Inhibiting survivin expression with ASODN could sensitize hepatocellular carcinoma cells to ADM, and the combination of ASODN and ADM may be a reasonable approach for clinical treatment of ADM-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma.
Antibiotics, Antineoplastic↗
[The effects of recombinant human growth hormone on mandibular bone loss with or without teeth in the ovariectomized rats].
PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of recombinant human growth hormone(rh-GH )on mandibular bone loss with or without teeth in the ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Three-month aged ovariectomized rats were utilized as postmenopausal osteoporosis models and all the molars in left mandibles were extracted. After operations, the rats began to receive rh-GH 1 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) with subcutaneous injection for ten days. Weight of the rats ,mineral density of the mandibular bone and 3 other parameters were measured at 8th week and 12th week. The data was analyzed with F and t test. RESULTS: The weight of the rats increased and mandibular bone mineral density of the rats were significantly improved after rh-GH treatment, P<0.05. CONCLUSION: Rh-GH can increase the weight of the old rats and restore mandibular bone mass in mandibles with or without teeth.
Animals↗
[Preparation and characterization of bovine bone collagen matrix].
A process of preparing bovine cortical bone in order to form materials suitable for biomedical xenograft implants was described. Fresh bone samples cut from the middiaphyseal region of bovine femora were obtained from a local slaughterhouse. The bovine bone collagen matrix (BBCM) of various shapes fabricated from bovine bone by defatting and deproteination procedure may be implanted surgically for various purposes. The bone cubes were first defatted in a mixture of defatting agent; subsequently, the samples were extracted to release noncollagenous proteins, followed by digestion using a proteolytic enzyme to remove the telopeptide portions of collagen and residual noncollagenous proteins. Finally,the samples were dried in vacuum, packed and sterilized by gamma irradiation. The bone specimens were characterized by a suite of analytical techniques involving FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), uniaxial tension mechanical tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result showed that BBCM occurred as a white structure with suitable porosity. It contains reasonable proprotion of mineral and organic components in the original osseous architecture of the bovine bone, which is beneficial to keeping the mechanic property and weaker immunogenicity; therefore, it can serve as a potential bone implantable material and extracellular matrix material in bone tissue engineering.
Animals↗
Integrated numerical model of nitrogen transportation, absorption and transformation by two-dimension in soil-crop system.
A series of simulation experiments of nitrogen transportation, absorption and transformation were conducted, and the different cropping patterns of winter wheat and wastewater irrigation plans were taken into consideration. Based on the experiments, an integrated model of crop growth, roots distribution, water and nitrogen absorption by roots, water and nitrogen movement and transformation in soil-crop system by two-dimension was developed. Parameters and boundary conditions were identified and an effective computing method for optimizing watering and wastewater irrigating plans was provided.
Crops, Agricultural↗
[COX- 2 expression in gastric cancer and its relationship with lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) in human gastric cancer, the relationship between their expression and the clinicopathological features,as well as the relationship between these two parameter expression and lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. METHODS: COX-2 and VEGF-C expressions were detected in 63 gastric cancer samples by immunostaining. Lymphangiogenesis was evaluated by immunostaining with the specific antibody LYVE-1. RESULTS: The expression rates of COX-2 and VEGF-C were 66.7% (42/63), 52.4% (33/63), respectively in 63 gastric cancer specimens. LYVE-1 was positive in 35 cases (35/63), which indicated lymphangiogenesis in the tumors. The expression of COX-2 was significantly correlated with the expression of VEGF-C, tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis (P< 0.05), however not gender, tumor size, tumor location, Lauren classification and serosa invasion (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In gastric cancer, the expression of COX-2 is significantly associated with VEGF-C expression, lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. COX-2 may up-regulate the expression of VEGF-C, which induces lymphangiogenesis and accordingly contributes to lymphatic metastasis.
Aged↗
[Expression of the recombinant SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in Pichia pastoris and identification of its bioactivity].
The full length cDNA of SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein was amplified by PCR and cloned into yeast expression vector pPIC3.5K to generate expression vector pPIC3.5K-SCoVN. The plasmid was linearized and then transformed into P. pastoris (His- Mut+) by electroporation method. His+ Mut+ recombinant strains were screened on G418-RDB and MM/MD plates, and further confirmed by PCR. The influence of various inducing media, dissolved oxygen(DO) and the different final concentration of methanol was subsequently investigated. The results showed that the FBS medium was optimal for recombinant N protein expression and growth of the recombinant strain. The optimal final concentration of methanol is 1% (V/V), and the DO has a significant effect on recombinant N protein expression and growth of recombinant strain. The recombinant N protein expressed was about 6% of the total cell proteins, 410 mg/L of recombinant N protein and 45 OD600 were achieved in shake flask. Western-blot showed that the recombinant N protein had high specificity against mouse-anti-N protein-mAb and SARS positive sera, but had no cross-reaction with normal human sera. The result of scale-up culture in fermemtator demonstrated that 2.5g/L of recombinant N protein and the maximum cell 345 OD600 of were achieved, which was 6.1 times and 7.7 times higher than that in shake flask. So this study provide a basis for further researches on the early diagnosis of SARS and the virus reproduction and pathology reaction of SARS coronavirus.
Cloning, Molecular↗
[Immobilization of cells by macro-porous NaCS-PDMDAAC capsules and cultivation in shaking flask and bubble bioreactor].
The membrane of sodium cellulose sulphate ( NaCS)-poly dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PDMDAAC) microcapsule is compact and has low molecular weight cut-off, which would delay the mass transfer and affect the cell growth immobilized in the capsule. Macroporous NaCS-PDMDAAC microcapsules were prepared using the degradation of the starch by amylase in the membrane of the capsules. The pore size and the permeability in the membrane were improved obviously. As model cells, the Candida krusei CK1 and E. coli EC1 immobilized in the capsules were cultured in the shake flask and bubble column respectively. It was shown that the cell density immobilized in the microcapsules cultured in the bubble column was higher than that cultured in the shaking flask. It implied that the limiting factor of the cell growth in the capsule lied in the diffusion of the oxygen. Since the rate of the oxygen transporting across the membrane was greatly enhanced due to the enlarged pore size, the maximum cell density in the macroporous capsules was 20%-110% over than that in the standard capsules in the bubble column. However, the extent of E. coli cell density increasing was higher than that of the yeast, which may be due to the difference of the oxygen requirement between the two microbes.
Amylases↗