Biomedical subjects

Julien Claude

Publications and source records attributed to Julien Claude.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2004

APE: Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R language.

UNLABELLED: Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution (APE) is a package written in the R language for use in molecular evolution and phylogenetics. APE provides both utility functions for reading and writing data and manipulating phylogenetic trees, as well as several advanced methods for phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis (e.g. comparative and population genetic methods). APE takes advantage of the many R functions for statistics and graphics, and also provides a flexible framework for developing and implementing further statistical methods for the analysis of evolutionary processes. AVAILABILITY: The program is free and available from the official R package archive at http://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/PACKAGES.html#ape. APE is licensed under the GNU General Public License.

Biological Evolution↗

PubMed2004

Ecological correlates and evolutionary divergence in the skull of turtles: a geometric morphometric assessment.

Resource use and phylogeny are often correlated with morphological variation. Moreover, because biological shapes are often complex and evolve depending on several internal constraints, they must be assessed using integrative methods. We analyzed the morphological variation of the turtle skull in the context of an adaptive radiation. Our focus are turtles of the superfamily Testudinoidea, which are remarkably diverse, both in number of species and in ecology. In this study, we depict morphological variation in the turtle skull in three dimensions with respect to diet, phylogeny, and habitat using modern geometric morphometrics. Our study revealed that morphological specialization was related to both diet and habitat. Morphological variation is decomposed in regard of both resource use (habitat and diet) and phylogeny. Feeding mode depending on environment was suggested as a key factor determining morphological evolution and diversification of turtle skulls. Diet (especially durophagy) leads to parallel morphologies in different clades. Phylogeny seemed to constrain only localized features of the skull and remained of minor influence, because overall morphotypes, closely correlated with ecological factors, occurred in both clades. In conclusion, the adaptive radiation of the Testudinoidea is revealed to demonstrate a clear relationship between the skull shape and life style.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2002

Analysis of comparative data using generalized estimating equations.

It is widely acknowledged that the analysis of comparative data from related species should be performed taking into account their phylogenetic relationships. We introduce a new method, based on the use of generalized estimating equations (GEE), for the analysis of comparative data. The principle is to incorporate, in the modelling process, a correlation matrix that specifies the dependence among observations. This matrix is obtained from the phylogenetic tree of the studied species. Using this approach, a variety of distributions (discrete or continuous) can be analysed using a generalized linear modelling framework, phylogenies with multichotomies can be analysed, and there is no need to estimate ancestral character state. A simulation study showed that the proposed approach has good statistical properties with a type-I error rate close to the nominal 5%, and statistical power to detect correlated evolution between two characters which increases with the strength of the correlation. The proposed approach performs well for the analysis of discrete characters. We illustrate our approach with some data on macro-ecological correlates in birds. Some extensions of the use of GEE are discussed.

Animals↗