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Biomedical subjects

James G Ravenel

Publications and source records attributed to James G Ravenel.

26 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Multiplanar and three-dimensional imaging of the thorax.

Although axial images are sufficient for diagnosis in most instances, knowledge of multiplanar imaging techniques is essential to apply them in appropriate circumstances. In particular, appropriately applied multiplanar imaging adds confidence to interpretations and assists surgeons and bronchoscopists in planning procedures. The need for multiplanar imaging must be assessed before performing any study so that the image acquisition parameters allow for suitable reformations.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Pulmonary vasculitis: CT features.

The pulmonary vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of inflammatory disorders that may be primarily localized to the pulmonary vasculature or be systemic in nature. The primary pulmonary vasculitides usually affect small vessels, whereas the systemic vasculitides can involve any size pulmonary vessels. For all types of vasculitis, there is a high degree of overlap within groups in regard to their appearance at computed tomography (CT). The most common CT findings are the result of either diffuse or focal pulmonary hemorrhage, are nonspecific, and include ground-glass opacity, consolidation, and small centrilobular nodules. Therefore, the CT findings must be considered in concert with the history, physical examination, and laboratory examination when a specific diagnosis is sought. This review will discuss the typical CT features of both the systemic and the primary pulmonary vasculitides, drawing a distinction where CT is helpful in differentiating among the various causes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

How do radiographic techniques affect image quality and patient doses in CT?

The radiation dose received by patients who undergo CT examinations has become a subject of considerable interest. Adult effective doses for head CT examinations are of the order of 1 to 2 mSv, and for single body examinations, patient doses are typically between 4 and 6 mSv. These doses are high in comparison to most other types of radiological examinations that use ionizing radiation. Patient CT doses may also be compared with natural background (3 mSv/year), dose limits to members of the public (1 mSv/year), and the highest level of occupational exposure, which is about 5 mSv/year. The advent of multi-slice technology will serve to increase CT utilization, as well as individual doses for any given examination. Radiologists are responsible for medical radiation doses to their patients, and it is imperative that they understand the relationship between radiation dose and image quality. In this review, we address the impact that variations in radiographic techniques (ie, selected values of X-ray kVp and mAs) have on patient doses as well as the quality of the resultant CT images.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Computed tomography diagnosis of macroscopic pulmonary fat embolism.

Pulmonary fat embolism probably occurs commonly after major orthopedic injuries and after orthopedic surgery. Furthermore, tiny fat emboli can often be shown by transesophageal echocardiography during orthopedic surgery. However, large macroscopic are rarely identified radiologically. Macroscopic fat emboli have been previously described in the common femoral vein and inferior vena cava on abdominal imaging. To the authors' knowledge, a macroscopic fat embolus in the pulmonary arteries has not been previously described. The authors report a case of a woman who, on computed tomography, had a large fat embolus after intramedullary rod placement for an isolated left femur fracture.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Azygoesophageal recess.

Knowledge of the normal radiologic appearance and manifestations of disease in the azygoesophageal recess can facilitate the detection and diagnosis of intrathoracic disease. The azygoesophageal recess is located lateral or posterior to the esophagus and anterior to the spine. It extends from the anterior turn of the azygous vein to the aortic hiatus. The configuration of the azygoesophageal recess is normally a smooth arc convex to the left. Because the right lung extends into the recess, pathology in this region can often be detected radiographically and typically manifests as increased opacity and/or as a contour abnormality. In adults, convexity directed to the right and immediately below the level of the azygous vein on a frontal radiograph is abnormal and requires further evaluation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Endoscopic ultrasound for thoracic malignancy: a review.

Accurate cancer staging is critical in providing the most appropriate therapy for patients with lung cancer. The decision to attempt a curative surgery or avoid an unnecessary surgery is dependent on accurate staging. In the case of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most important parameters for optimal treatment and prognosis are the presence of cancer spread to the lymph nodes within the mediastinum and to distant organs. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has become an important tool for the assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes and in some cases, distant organ metastases, because of its minimally invasive access to these sites through a transesophageal, transgastric, or transduodenal approach. The capability of performing fine needle aspiration (FNA) has greatly improved the accuracy and acceptability of EUS for lung cancer staging. This review will outline the basic principals of EUS-guided lung cancer staging and EUS-FNA techniques and outline the indications and contraindications to EUS staging of thoracic malignancy.

Biopsy, Fine-Needle↗