Zinc source influences zinc retention in hair and hair growth in the dog.
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Amino Acids↗
Biomedical subjects
J Wiseman
Publications and source records attributed to J Wiseman.
A comparative study of the safety and efficacy of dysprosium-165 hydroxide macro-aggregate and yttrium-90 silicate colloid in radiation synovectomy--a multicentre double blind clinical trial. Australian Dysprosium Trial Group.
The aim of our study was to compare the safety and efficacy of a new preparation, Dysprosium-165 Hydroxide Macroaggregate (165Dy) with Yttrium-90 Silicate (90Y) for radiation synovectomy of the knee in patients with RA and OA. A multicentre double blind clinical trial with subjects randomized to receive 165Dy or 90Y was undertaken in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth. Seventy knees of 59 patients were studied, using as clinical end point measurements, pain in the knee on walking, pain in the knee at rest and stiffness in the knee after rest. Cytogenetic damage, knee retention and extra-articular spread of the radionuclide to regional lymph nodes, liver, urine and blood were evaluated. There was no significant difference in clinical response in the two treatment groups for either RA or OA. Chromosomal changes occurred with equal frequency and the knee retention and extra-articular leakage of radiocolloids to regional lymph nodes and liver were comparable in the two groups. For radiation synovectomy of the knee, 165Dy is at least as safe and as effective as 90Y and has the advantage of a short half-life (2.334 h) and hence requires a shorter period of post-injection immobilization and hospitalization.
Aged↗
Pre-emptive administration of clonidine prevents development of hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli in a model of mononeuropathy in the rat.
Traumatic nerve injury in man can often result in the development of neuropathy. An animal model of neuropathic hyperalgesia is produced by loose ligation of the sciatic nerve in the rat. We have examined the effect of pre-emptive treatment with a number of drugs on the development of hyperalgesia in this model. Animals received clonidine (1 mg.kg-1, s.c.), morphine (5 mg.kg-1, s.c.), (+/-)-baclofen (40 mg.kg-1, s.c.), carbamazepine (50 mg.kg-1, s.c.) or vehicle (4 ml.kg-1, s.c.) 30 min prior to loose ligation or sham-operation. Morphine- and clonidine-treated animals were administered a second dose of drug 6h following surgery. Twenty-six or twenty-nine days following surgery, the ipsilateral (ipsi.) and contralateral (contra.) paw withdrawal thresholds were determined using an Algesymeter. In vehicle-treated animals the ipsilateral paw withdrawal threshold (118 +/- 7 g) was significantly lower (P < 0.0001, paired t-test) than the contralateral (195 +/- 7 g). In contrast, in animals pre-treated with clonidine no significant difference between ipsilateral (200 +/- 9 g) and contralateral (191 +/- 7 g) paw withdrawal thresholds was detected. Morphine pre-treatment was less effective in preventing development of hyperalgesia; however, whilst the ipsilateral (146 +/- 18 g) paw withdrawal threshold tended to be lower than the contralateral (183 +/- 8 g), this was not significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analysis of Variance↗
A successful approach to installment plans.
Using installment plans as a method of reimbursement for healthcare services can be a preferred, though sometimes controversial, option for many healthcare facilities. The following is an overview of what healthcare financial managers should look for in choosing an installment plan.
Financial Management, Hospital↗
Induction of micronuclei in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients treated for rheumatoid or osteo-arthritis of the knee with dysprosium-165 hydroxide macroaggregates or yttrium-90 silicate.
The advantages of radiation synovectomy, using preparations containing dysprosium-165 (Dy-165), over conventional materials based on yttrium-90 (Y-90) include a more ideal spectrum of decay energies, and a much shorter half-life permitting quicker and more efficient treatment. A new therapeutic agent, Dy-165 hydroxide macroaggregates, has been developed for the treatment of arthritis making use of these advantages. As part of a clinical trial of this material 42 patients were examined for micronucleus frequency in their peripheral blood lymphocytes prior to, and 2 weeks after, radiation synovectomy using Dy-165 hydroxide macroaggregates or Y-90 silicate. In the majority of patients from each treatment group no significant increase in micronucleus frequency was observed. This indicates that in these cases leakage of material from the site of treatment was not resulting in detectable irradiation of circulating cells irrespective of the choice of radiopharmaceutical. The maximum increase in micronucleus frequency observed corresponded to a radiation dose to circulating cells of approximately 0.3 Gray.
Adult↗
Rapid optimization of enzyme substrates using defined substrate mixtures.
A strategy is described for the rapid optimization of kcat/Km for protease substrates. Selected positions of a given peptide substrate sequence are varied through synthesis with mixtures of amino acids. Incubation of the resulting peptide mixture with the enzyme of interest and analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography provides a direct measure of analogs with enhanced kcat/Km. High performance liquid chromatography/continuous flow fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry is used to assign structure to each peak in the chromatogram. As an example of the utility and efficiency of "substrate mapping" we describe optimization of the collagenase substrate Dnp-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Trp-Ala-D-Arg-NH2 (where Dnp is dinitrophenyl) at the P'1 and P'2 positions. Six different mixtures were prepared for evaluation, representing the synthesis of 128 different synthetic substrates. "Substrate mapping" has led to Dnp-Pro-Leu-Gly-Cys(Me)-His-Ala-D-Arg-NH2, a substrate that possesses a 10-fold better kcat/Km than Dnp-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-Trp-Ala-D-Arg-NH2.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Evaluation of inert markers for the determination of ileal and faecal apparent digestibility values in the pig.
A series of experiments was designed to evaluate inert markers employed in studies of ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in pigs fitted with simple 'T' piece cannulas. Trial 1 assessed the palatability of diets containing (a) 5 g chromic oxide/kg, (b) 1 and (c) 5 g titanium dioxide/kg at two levels of feeding. The results indicated that there were slight problems in terms of period of feed consumption associated with diets (a) and (c), but that these effects were transitory and disappeared following acclimatization, although higher levels of feeding may compound the problem. Trial 2 estimated N balance, faecal apparent digestibility of amino acids as determined by both total collection and ratio of markers, ileal apparent digestibility of amino acids and recovery of markers using diets containing (a) 1 and (b) 5 g Cr2O3/kg, (c) 1 and (d) 5 g TiO2/kg. An additional assessment of acid-insoluble lignin present within the diet was also undertaken. Cr2O3 was associated with the lowest recovery, whilst calculations based on TiO2 gave lower standard errors. Trial 3 examined diurnal variation in digesta sampling and its effect on faecal apparent digestibility of N and amino acids. There were no evident effects. In general, it was concluded that the most appropriate marker to use in studies of this nature was TiO2 at a rate of 1 g/kg.
Amino Acids↗
TRISS unexpected survivors--a statistical phenomenon or a clinical reality?
Data from patients treated in Pennsylvania-accredited trauma centers during 1989 were analyzed. TRISS expected and unexpected survivors (1.6% of all survivors) differed in many ways. Unexpected survivors were more than twice as likely to have been transferred from a nondesignated trauma center (45.8% vs. 22.8%, p < 0.001). Unexpected survivors had significantly higher frequencies of motor vehicle injuries (56.2% vs. 38.3%, p < 0.001), pedestrian injuries (9.6% vs. 5.4%, p < 0.01), and gunshot wounds (7.3% vs. 4.7%, p < 0.01). Expected survivors were injured more frequently in falls (26.1% vs. 10.8%, p < 0.001) and were less frequently male (64.5% vs. 75%, p < 0.001). Unexpected survivors had significantly longer average hospital stay (29.6 s vs. 9.3 days, p < 0.001) and more frequent (98.8% vs. 36.8%, p < 0.001) and longer average stays in the ICU (13.3 s vs. 4.1 days, p < 0.001). The percentage of unexpected survivors discharged to rehabilitation centers (61.9%) was significantly greater than that for expected survivors (8.7%), (p < 0.001). Unexpected survivors were more frequently judged "completely dependent" in five measures of functional disability than expected survivors. We conclude that unexpected survivors are a seriously injured and clinically relevant patient set, not just a statistical phenomenon.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Does Graves' disease or thyrotoxicosis affect the prognosis of thyroid cancer.
Twenty-one patients who underwent surgical treatment for thyrotoxicosis and who were found at operation to have thyroid cancer are presented. Sixteen had Graves' disease and 5 had toxic nodular goiter. The group with Graves' is compared with 110 euthyroid patients with thyroid cancer who underwent their initial surgery in the same time period and who were of the same age (+/- 1 yr) and sex as the patients with Graves' disease. None of the thyrotoxic patients died during follow-up of 2-24 yr or developed subsequent metastases. The 1 patient with a local lymph node metastasis has not shown evidence of recurrence. Hypoparathyroidism appeared as a complication in only 1 patient. The size of tumors in the patients with Graves' disease was significantly smaller than in the euthyroid group. The course of the disease in both the patients with Graves' disease and the thyrotoxic group as a whole was relatively benign. This series does not support the recent suggestions that thyroid cancer in patients with Graves' disease is more aggressive than in either patients with toxic nodular goiter or euthyroid subjects. Patients with Graves' disease and thyroid cancer should be treated identically to other patients with thyroid cancer. Therapy should consist of total thyroidectomy followed by a postoperative 131I scan. Residual tissue or metastases found on the scan should be ablated with 6 GBq 131I. The patient should receive a suppressive dose of T4.
Adult↗
N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine.
Authentic N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine was synthesized and used to determine whether it is an intermediate in nitric oxide (.NO) synthesis from L-arginine by macrophage .NO synthase. The apparent Km (6.6 microM) and Vmax (99 nmol x min-1 x mg-1) observed with N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine were similar to those observed with L-arginine (Km = 2.3 microM; Vmax = 54 mumol x min-1 x mg-1). N omega-Hydroxy-D-arginine was not a substrate. Stable isotope studies showed that .NO synthase exclusively oxidized the hydroxylated nitrogen of N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine, forming .NO and L-citrulline. As with L-arginine, O2 was the source of the ureido oxygen in L-citrulline from N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine. In the presence of excess N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine, .NO synthase generated a metabolite of L-[14C]arginine that cochromatographed with authentic N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine. The labeled metabolite exhibited identical chromatographic behavior in three solvent systems and generated the same product (L-citrulline) upon alkaline hydrolysis as authentic N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine. Experiments were then run to identify which redox cofactor (NADPH or tetrahydrobiopterin) participated in the enzymatic synthesis of N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine. Both cofactors were required for synthesis of .NO from either N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine or L-arginine. However, with L-arginine, the synthesis of 1 mol of .NO was coupled to the oxidation of 1.52 +/- 0.02 mol of NADPH; whereas with N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine, only 0.53 +/- 0.04 mol of NADPH was oxidized per mol of .NO formed. These results support a mechanism in which N omega-hydroxy-L-arginine is generated as an intermediate in .NO synthesis through an NADPH-dependent hydroxylation of L-arginine.
Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
Determination of enzyme specificity in a complex mixture of peptide substrates by N-terminal sequence analysis.
A method has been developed to determine preferred residue substitutions in the P' position of peptide substrates for proteolytic enzymes. The method has been validated with four different enzymes; the angiotensin I-converting enzyme, atrial dipeptidyl carboxyhydrolase, bacterial dipeptidyl carboxyhydrolase, and meprin A. A mixture of N-acylated potential peptide-substrates for each of the enzymes was prepared in a single synthesis procedure on the same solid-phase synthesis resin. The peptides were identical in all residue positions except the P' position to be studied, into which numerous amino acid residues were incorporated on a theoretical equimolar basis. After cleavage and extraction of the peptides from the resin, no attempt was made to purify them individually; the exact concentration of each peptide in the mixture was determined by quantitative amino acid analysis. Incubation of an enzyme with its peptide-substrate mixture at [S] much less than Km yielded peptide hydrolytic products with newly exposed N-termini. The identity and amount of each hydrolysis product was determined by automated N-terminal sequence analysis. One cycle of sequencing revealed preferred amino acid substitutions in the P'1 position, two cycles the P'2 position, and so forth. Comparison of the rates of production of the various products indicates the preferred substitution in that particular P' position. New information on the substrate specificities of each of the enzymes tested was obtained and it is clear that this approach can be applied to any protease with a defined (or suspected) point of cleavage in a peptide substrate.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
The influence of free fatty acid content and degree of saturation on the apparent metabolizable energy value of fats fed to broilers.
To determine the influence of free fatty acid (FFA) content on the subsequent nutritive value of fats, the following were studied: tallow (FFA content of 138.4 g/kg) and tallow acid oil (FFA = 952.1 g/kg) in Experiment 1; palm oil (FFA = 57.5 g/kg) and palm acid oil (FFA = 917.5 g/kg) in Experiment 2; and soybean oil (FFA = 14.4 g/kg) and soybean acid oil (FFA = 683.4 g/kg) in Experiment 3. The two fats within each experiment were blended in proportions to give three mixtures of intermediary FFA content. Thus, each experiment investigated five fats by substituting them into a basal diet at the expense of the energy-yielding ingredients at rates of 40, 80, and 120 g/kg. Experimental diets were evaluated for apparent fat availability (AFA) of broiler chicks 1.5 and 7.5 wk of age. Corresponding values for fats were obtained through extrapolation of the linear response, or interpolation of the quadratic response, of AFA of diets. The AME was calculated as the product of fat AFA and gross energy. The degree of saturation had a pronounced effect upon the AME of fats; values decreased in the following order: soybean oil, tallow, and palm oil. Overall AME of fats linearly decreased with increasing FFA content, and the decrease was more pronounced with the younger birds. This rate of reduction appeared to be influenced by degree of saturation of the fat, but only with younger birds. Thus, AME of fats declined from 30.9 to 20.4, 27.7 to 14.8, and 38.5 to 33.1 MJ/kg (1 MJ = .239 Mcal) for young birds in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Corresponding data for older birds were from 32.9 to 28.3, 32.3 to 27.5, and 38.5 to 35.1 MJ/kg. Effects of rate of inclusion of fats were minor and, generally, were confined to fats of a higher degree of saturation with greater contents of FFA evaluated with younger birds.
Analysis of Variance↗
Prediction of the apparent metabolizable energy content of fats fed to broiler chickens.
Soybean oil and tallow acid oil were blended in the ratio 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 to give 3 blends (A, B, and C) of increasing free fatty acid (FFA) content but decreasing ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (U:S). Tallow and soybean acid oil were blended in similar proportions to give three blends (D, E, and F) of increasing FFA content and increasing U:S ratio. The six fats were incorporated into a basal diet at rates of 40, 80, and 120 g/kg. Experimental diets were evaluated for apparent available fat (AAF) with broilers aged 1.5 and 7.5 wk of age. The AAF of fats was calculated from extrapolation of the regression of AAF of diets to rate of inclusion of fats. The AME of fats was determined as the product of AAF and gross energy. Increasing FFA content but reducing U:S ratio lowered the AME giving 31.1, 28.7, and 21.7 MJ/kg (1 MJ = .239 Mcal) and 33.2, 31.5, and 28.4 MJ/kg, respectively, for A, B, and C for young and old birds. Corresponding data for D, E, and F (increasing FFA content and U:S ratio) were 27.7, 28.0, and 29.4 MJ/kg and 31.8, 32.9, and 33.3 MJ/kg, respectively, for young and old birds. Data generated, together with results from previous reports, were subject to regression analysis. The AME of fats could be predicted from knowledge of U:S ratio and FFA content with equations accounting for .816 and .925 of the variation in AME values for young and old birds, respectively.
Analysis of Variance↗
Computing. Get with it.
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Attitude to Computers↗
European reference method for the in vivo determination of metabolisable energy with adult cockerels: reproducibility, effect of food intake and comparison with individual laboratory methods.
1. A common reference procedure adopted by several European laboratories to determine apparent metabolisable energy corrected to zero-nitrogen balance (AMEn) is described. 2. Reproducibility has been estimated by comparing results from 4 diets measured in 7 laboratories. The standard deviations between laboratories of dry matter, gross energy, Kjeldahl nitrogen and AMEn were respectively, on average, 11.29 g/kg, 0.242 MJ/kg, 1.56 g/kg and 0.380 MJ/kg dry matter; the corresponding coefficients of variation between laboratories were 1.27, 1.29, 4.39 and 2.92%. 3. Effect of food intake was tested by comparing AMEn from birds fed either 0.90 or 0.45 of ad libitum: the amount of food intake had a negligible effect on AMEn values. Endogenous energy losses corrected (EELn) or not (EEL) to zero nitrogen balance were estimated either by regression between excreted energy and ingested energy or in fasted and glucose-fed cockerels. EELn estimated by regression was, on average, 8.7 kJ/bird/d.; it was independent of diet composition. EEL and EELn determined in fasted or glucose-fed birds were higher than those determined by regression. 4. AMEn values measured by individual laboratory procedures were very close to those obtained by the reference method, except from laboratories using a tube feeding procedure, where deviations were probably a consequence of overestimated EEL.
Analysis of Variance↗
Influence of age, chemical composition and rate of inclusion on the apparent metabolisable energy of fats fed to broiler chicks.
1. Vegetable oil (VO) and tallow (T) were evaluated at rates of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125g/kg in a basal diet with broiler chicks aged 1.5, 3.5, 5.5 and 7.5 weeks of age using a total collection period of 72 h. 2. Apparent metabolisable energy, corrected to zero nitrogen retention (AMEN, MJ/kg) and apparent fat availability (AFA, g/kg) of the experimental diets were employed to estimate the dietary energy values of fats, by linear and quadratic regression. 3. AME of fats, determined from AFA, had smaller standard errors than those determined from AMEN. 4. There was a marked increase in the AME of fats from 1.5 to 3.5 weeks of age; thereafter, the improvement was less pronounced. 5. Rate of improvement in fat AME with age was greater with T than VO.
Age Factors↗
A computer in the hand.
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Community Health Nursing↗
Pseudo-avascular necrosis of the hips in a sporadic case of osteopetrosis.
A patient with diffuse osteosclerosis consistent with 'benign' osteopetrosis had skeletal scintiscan findings indistinguishable from bilateral avascular necrosis of the femoral heads. This was due to epiphyseal sparing in a region locally involved by the diffuse bony change.
Adult↗