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Biomedical subjects

J Windsor

Publications and source records attributed to J Windsor.

47 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Key word signing: perceived and acoustic differences between signed and spoken narratives.

Key-word-sign (KWS) and speech-only programs differ in the results they achieve with nonspeaking individuals. This difference might be traced to suprasegmental aspects of speech. In an earlier study, Windsor and Fristoe (1989) showed that untrained listeners could distinguish speech produced using KWS from speech only. In the present study, acoustic measures as well as listener judgments of KWS and spoken-only (S-O) narratives were obtained. Compared to S-O narratives, KWS narratives were produced with a slower articulation rate, due to increased pause and speech segment duration and increased pause number. Within-sentence pauses in KWS narratives tended to occur immediately after a signed word.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Idiosyncratic strategies in sentence production: a case report.

In their case study of a patient with selective apraxia of phonation, Marshall, Gandour, and Windsor (1988, Brain and Language, 35, 313-339) reported that many of his utterances were ill-formed syntactically. In this note, a detailed syntactic analysis of his speech is presented. Although the patient's syntax is deviant, it is seen to result from the application of certain consistent, identifiable, compensatory strategies. Moreover, it is shown that the particular, abnormal syntactic structures are internally consistent with his phonatory apraxia coupled with the normal rules of English prosody.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1989

Key word signing: listeners' classification of signed and spoken narratives.

Suprasegmental changes in speaker-signers' speech may be an important component of the results obtained in key-word-sign programs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether untrained listeners could tell a difference between the speech of a person using key word signing with speech and using speech only. Fifty untrained listeners heard an audiotape of six speaker-signers who sometimes used key word signing and sometimes used speech only in their production of 24 spoken narratives. The results demonstrated that listeners could accurately classify all keyword-signed communication of three speaker-signers and the spoken-only communication of all four speaker-signers who had been previously identified as demonstrating natural spoken communication. The major perceived differences between the use of key-word-signed communication and spoken-only communication were differences in speech rate and word emphasis and differences in pausing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Identification of people attending outpatients: congruity between hospital records and response to a postal screen.

A comparison of information obtained from a postal screen of people on the electoral register about attendance at outpatient clinics with data extracted from hospital records found agreement between the two sources for 87 per cent of people. This rose to 90 per cent after an interview follow-up of those whose replies were unclear. Given the complexities of defining outpatient attendances clearly, these levels of agreement seemed good. Fewer consultations were omitted by people when a three rather than a 12-month study period was used, but the particular three-month period used (January-March) may have contributed to this difference.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1989

Who else responds to postal questionnaires? Are those involved in the subject of the study more likely to do so?

In a postal screen to identify people who had attended hospital outpatient departments, it was predicted that attenders would be more likely to respond than non-attenders. An experiment was set up to explore this. The response rates were 76 per cent among attenders compared with 70 per cent for the others--a difference which did not reach significance at the 5 per cent level.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1988

Selective impairment of phonation: a case study.

A 47-year-old right-handed man underwent craniotomy for clipping of an aneurism at the trifurcation of the left middle cerebral artery. Subsequently, he suffered a left hemisphere CVA after which his speech and language resembled that of Broca's aphasia with accompanying apraxia of speech. Medical, behavioral, and acoustical data amassed over a period of several months indicated numerous contraindications to traditional diagnoses of Broca's aphasia, apraxia of speech, and dysarthria. Ultimately, it was determined that the patient had a selective impairement of phonation or laryngeal apraxia. This was illustrated dramatically when he was taught to use an electrolarynx which allowed him to bypass his disrupted phonatory system. Speaking with the electrolarynx, the patient communicated normally. Any semblance of Broca's aphasia disappeared. Supralaryngeal articulation was normal; apraxia of speech behaviors were absent. This case report indicates that dissociation of oral and laryngeal gestures due to brain injury is possible. Mechanisms underlying such a dissociation for this case are reviewed. The possibility of discrete center lesions in the frontal motor association area causing different types of apraxia of speech is discussed.

Aphasia, Broca↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preference testing: a comparison of two presentation methods.

Paired and group presentation methods of preference testing were compared with eight learners with severe-profound developmental disabilities. Each presentation method was also compared with staff rankings of learners' preferences. Similar preferences were identified with both presentation methods. Although the paired presentation took more time to administer, it elicited more consistent preference information than the group presentation. Staff preference rankings were not highly correlated with either the group or paired presentation. However, items identified as most preferred by staff and by both presentation methods were similar.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal wait time after questions for children with and without Down syndrome.

Maternal wait time after open- and closed-ended questions provided during conversation to eight children with Down syndrome (DS) and eight language-age (LA) matched peers was investigated. Analysis of wait time after questions that children did not answer indicated that a longer wait time was provided for LA children (M = 2.5 seconds) than for DS children (M = 1.8 seconds). These wait times were matched well with the children's response times when they did answer questions; LA children taking a mean of 1.9 seconds and DS children a mean of 1.0 seconds to respond. Unlike DS children, LA children took significantly longer to respond when their answers were not topic-related to the maternal question. For both groups, there was no difference in wait times after closed- and open-ended questions and no difference for questions for which joint attention was and was not established.

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Laxatives and faecal incontinence in long-term care.

High levels of faecal incontinence and laxative use in long-term care settings for older people are revealed in this study. Further research, together with more considered prescribing policies are needed, the authors suggest.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sequential audits of geriatric care: measuring change in structure and process and the contribution of clinical audit.

BACKGROUND: Sequential audits of care in geriatric practice can demonstrate improvement in its content and quality, and identify its strengths and weaknesses. However, there are problems in such sequential audit, particularly if it depends on data entry by lay staff rather than trained researchers. These include: changes in staff and patients from one audit to the next; having to take into account instances where the desired standards are already in place and therefore no further improvement can be shown, or where initial standards are so low that only improvement can take place. OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate methods of analysis of sequential audits in long-term care for elderly people and in geriatric day hospital practice designed to overcome these difficulties. DESIGN: Audit packages for long-term care and for care provided by geriatric day hospitals have been evaluated in each case by analysing two audit cycles carried out at eight and six month intervals respectively. METHODS: The Royal College of Physicians CARE scheme for audit of long-term care was carried out in 17 locations (nursing homes and geriatric long-stay wards) in two cycles at an interval of eight months. The Royal College of Physicians audit scheme for geriatric day hospitals was carried out in 27 day hospitals in two cycles at an interval of six months. A different method of analysis and presentation of results was devised for each of the two projects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The two methods of analysis and presentation of data used to evaluate the effect of sequential audits reveal the ups and downs in the standards of care provided by the different institutions for the care of the elderly, and in the standards of care experienced by individuals resident in the same long-term institutions. Overall, sequential audits show that improvement outweighs deterioration in all domains of geriatric care, and suggest that audit contributes to this improvement.

Aged↗