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Biomedical subjects

J Wilson

Publications and source records attributed to J Wilson.

At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Computer-aided analysis of intraoral ulcerative lesions.

At the present time there is no objective method to evaluate oral ulcerative lesions for degree of inflammation, surface area, or other parameters of healing. The capability of infrared photography to uniquely image the inflammatory process associated with oral lesions and the use of image-processing technology for parameter analysis was investigated. Lesions were compared cross-sectionally and over time for area of tissue degeneration, active inflammation, and intensity of inflammation with respect to adjacent tissue. Eight subjects were available for study. Standard black and white, color, and black and white infrared photographs were taken in accord with study protocols. A reflectance standard was included in each photograph to normalize the background intensity. A video camera was used to enter the data into a microcomputer image processing system. Quantitative data obtained included area of ulceration and erythematous halo, inflammatory intensity changes over time, and intensity with respect to adjacent tissue. This computer-aided photographic technique was able to quantify healing progression and intensity parameters associated with intraoral inflammatory lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The generation of ordered sets of cosmid DNA clones from human chromosome region 11p.

We describe progress in a continuing project aimed at the generation of an overlapping cosmid DNA clone map of the short arm of human chromosome 11. The automated procedures used to prepare DNA samples and the computerized data collection and recording systems are described. We also demonstrate the use of the clones as reagents for the rapid isolation of genomic DNAs containing smaller probed regions. We have isolated approximately 4700 human cosmid DNA clones from mouse/human hybrid cell lines that contain predominantly human chromosomal region 11p. Of the DNA in the cell lines, 60% is derived from this chromosomal region, and the remaining 40% is derived from regions of chromosomes 3, 19, and 20. A total of 4159 clones have been fingerprinted to identify potential overlaps, and we have developed 535 sets ("contigs"). Using random modeling, it is estimated that 65% of 11p must be contained in the analyzed cosmids. The database of clones has been used to identify single or overlapping clones from noncosmid DNA probes. Examples are presented. It is proposed that cosmid reference filters be distributed to requesting laboratories.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1992

Injectable bioglass as a potential substitute for injectable polytetrafluoroethylene.

Injectable polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) and collagen have inherent problems that may prevent their long-term success. In search of a different injectable biomaterial we confirmed in rabbits the safety of injected Bioglass particles suspended in sodium hyaluronate. A second study was performed testing the ability of the Bioglass suspension to increase urethral resistance in pigs. Bioglass particles in suspension have the potential to substitute for polytetrafluoroethylene or collagen in the treatment of urinary incontinence or vesicoureteral reflux.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Progressive and imaginal relaxation training for elderly persons with subjective anxiety.

Elders exposed to either progressive or imaginal relaxation procedures reported significant relaxation effects and showed improvement on measures of personal functioning. The results of the Physical Assessment Scale of the Relaxation Inventory indicated that relaxation responses were acquired within and across sessions. Large, consistent changes in relaxation occurred in all 4 sessions. The Symptom Checklist-90-R, which measures self-reported personal adjustment, showed significant positive changes following relaxation training and at 1-month follow-up. Elders who imagined muscle tension release profited as much as those engaged in actual muscle tension-release activities. This finding is of importance for older adults who may experience physical limitations that contraindicate muscle-tension-release procedures.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Non-progressive paraparesis in children with congenital ligamentous laxity.

We present clinical data from 11 children with generalised joint laxity complicated by signs of pyramidal dysfunction confined to the lower limbs. Gait abnormalities were observed at the time they started walking or soon afterwards. In some, there was delay in locomotor development but all except one were mentally normal. The neurological component of the condition was non-progressive, and sensory impairment with sphincter involvement was observed in only one case in whom there was radiological evidence of myelomalacia. Whilst co-existing ligamentous laxity and pyramidal dysfunction in the lower limbs may be coincidental, it is also possible that joint laxity is a pre-condition for developing neurological abnormality in the legs because of hypermobility of the vertebral column which thereby damages the spinal cord.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Autosomal recessive microcephaly with severe psychomotor retardation.

Autosomal recessive microcephaly has long been recognized in association with normal early motor development and mild to severe mental retardation. We report three sibling pairs with microcephaly and severe neurological impairment. These cases and other sibling pairs reported in the literature illustrate that microcephaly with spasticity and severe mental retardation may also have autosomal recessive inheritance. Furthermore this severely affected group of patients forms a significant proportion of cases of genetic microcephaly. We looked for specific morphological features to identify these forms of genetic microcephaly for genetic counselling, but failed to find characteristic abnormalities among our group of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Development of intelligence and memory in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. The deleterious consequences of early seizures.

Although substantial data exist regarding the consequences of early lateralized cerebral lesions on intelligence and language ability, little is known about the development of other cognitive functions after such lesions. We examined the development of both verbal and nonverbal memory in 82 hemiplegic children, grouped according to hemispheric side of injury and presence or absence of seizure disorder. The control group consisted of 41 age-matched normal children, most of them siblings of the patients. Measures were obtained of intelligence and of immediate and delayed recall for prose passages, word paired associates and geometric designs. Electrophysiological and neuroradiological measures were available for a majority of the patients. The scores of the hemiplegic children on the IQ and memory tests did not exhibit the pattern seen in brain-damaged adults, in that the children's deficits showed no relation to hemispheric side of damage. Indeed, early cerebral damage to either hemisphere, even if extensive, resulted in relatively few and mild deficits if the damage was unaccompanied by seizure activity. By contrast, early lateralized lesions that were accompanied by a seizure disorder resulted in both a high incidence and degree of deficit that was unrelated to lesion side.

Cerebral Palsy↗
PubMed1992

Progressive bulbar paralysis of childhood. A reappraisal of Fazio-Londe disease.

Fazio-Londe disease is a label sometimes applied to a degenerative disease of the motor neurons characterized by progressive bulbar paralysis in children. It is very rare with only 22 case reports describing 24 children including four sibling pairs. In two reports mothers and sons were affected. The neuropathology is described in only four cases. Previous authors have recognized that the condition is very heterogeneous. The clinical features of five children with this type of progressive bulbar paralysis, diagnosed at this hospital between 1969 and 1989, are reviewed, and in two cases neuropathological findings are detailed. Based on this experience, suggested criteria for diagnosis include clinical features of a pure motor neuronopathy affecting the bulbar nuclei, exclusion of other causes of progressive bulbar paralysis and positive support for the diagnosis from electromyography and/or pathological examination. A review of the literature, combined with the present series, suggests that there are at least three distinct subtypes: a very rare autosomal dominant form (as described by Fazio) and two variants with probable autosomal recessive inheritance either with early onset of respiratory symptoms and rapid progression to death or later onset, less prominent respiratory symptoms and protracted clinical course. There is strong concordance for each clinical pattern within families.

Bulbar Palsy, Progressive↗
PubMed1992

Expression and gene transcript of Fc receptors for IgG, HLA class II antigens and Langerhans cells in human cervico-vaginal epithelium.

The mechanism of transmission of HIV from the male to the female genital tract or in the reverse order is not clear. CD4 glycoprotein is the receptor for HIV and Langerhans cells and the related dendritic cells could play a role in the initial transmission of HIV. Fc receptors (FcR) for IgG might be involved in antibody-mediated binding of HIV. We carried out an immunohistological study of normal human cervical and vaginal epithelia for the presence of CD4 glycoprotein, Langerhans cells and FcR to IgG. CD4+ glycoprotein was not found in the vaginal or cervical epithelium, with the exception of a few endocervical epithelial cells. A small number of CD4+ mononuclear cells were found in the endocervical epithelium of a third of the specimens but a large number of CD4+ cells was found in the submucosa of most of the cervical and vaginal specimens. Langerhans cells expressing CD4, HLA class II, Fc gamma R2 and Fc gamma R3 were detected in most vaginal, ectocervical and transformation zone epithelia and in 9/14 endocervical tissues. Fc gamma R3 was detected in about two-thirds of the columnar endocervical epithelium and the transformation zone. A smaller number of specimens expressed Fc gamma R2 in these epithelia, but Fc gamma R1 was not detected. We then demonstrated mRNA for Fc gamma R3 in the columnar endocervical epithelial cells and transformation zone by in situ hybridization, using a CD16-RNA probe. Fc gamma R3 and Fc gamma R2 gene transcripts were also found in fetal cervical tissue by applying the polymerase chain reaction to amplify portions of the Fc gamma R3 and Fc gamma R2 coding sequences in cDNA prepared from fetal RNA. HLA-DR was found in the endocervical cells, transformation zone and in Langerhans cells of all specimens. The presence of Langerhans cells, Fc gamma receptors and HLA class II antigen offers three potential mechanisms for cervico-vaginal HIV transmission: (i) direct HIV infection of Langerhans cells, (ii) binding of HIV antibody complexes to cervical epithelial Fc gamma receptors and (iii) binding of HIV infected CD4+ cells to cervical HLA class II antigen which may infect these or the adjacent CD4+ cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cytoprotection by iloprost against paracetamol-induced toxicity in hamster isolated hepatocytes.

1 The ability of iloprost (ZK36374) to protect hamster isolated hepatocytes from the toxic effects of paracetamol and its reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NABQI) was investigated. The cytoprotection provided by iloprost was compared with that of N-acetyl-L-cysteine. 2 Treatment of hepatocytes with either NABQI (0.4 mM) or paracetamol (2 mM) alone resulted in a considerable loss of cell viability, as assessed by trypan blue exclusion or leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, accompanied by an increase in the percentage of viable cells that were blebbed. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (1.25 mM) pretreatment diminished the loss of cell viability and the percentage of blebbed cells resulting from exposure to NABQI or paracetamol, whereas iloprost (10(-16) M to 10(-10) M) pretreatment reduced only the loss of cell viability, not the percentage of viable cells exhibiting blebbing. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly attenuated the depletion by paracetamol of glutathione and decreased the covalent binding of [14C]-paracetamol to cellular proteins, whereas iloprost was without any such effects. 3 The effects of iloprost and N-acetyl-L-cysteine were also investigated by use of a model of paracetamol toxicity in which it is possible to study the biochemical events leading to cell injury separate from the generation of toxic metabolites. Hamster hepatocytes were incubated with paracetamol (4 mM) for 90 min at 37 degrees C during which metabolism of paracetamol occurs with minimal loss of cell viability. Following washing of cells, to remove paracetamol and its metabolites, there was a progressive loss of viability and increase in the percentage of cells exhibiting blebbing when incubated in buffer alone. Addition of either N-acetyl-L-cysteine (1.25 mM) or iloprost (10 14M to 10 -M), following washing, significantly reduced the expected loss of cell viability. Iloprost at concentrations outside this range was without effect.4. Paracetamol toxicity to isolated hepatocytes could be prevented or delayed by treatment with either N-acetyl-L-cysteine or iloprost, but whereas the former prevented or even reversed plasma membrane blebbing with a resultant reduction in the percentage of viable cells that were blebbed, the prostanoid appeared only to delay the progression from plasma membrane blebbing to loss of viability. Hence, the percentage of viable cells that were ultimately blebbed following exposure to paracetamol was not significantly reduced by addition of iloprost.5. Aspirin or ibuprofen exacerbated the loss of viability induced by prior incubation with paracetamol. Thus, there may be a role for endogenous prostaglandins in protecting hepatocytes from paracetamol toxicity.6. Iloprost is cytoprotective without any effect upon toxin metabolism or detoxication. The mechanism of action of iloprost probably does not involve induction of prostaglandin synthesis or activation of the previously-characterized prostacyclin receptor.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1992

Selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency viruses by racemates and enantiomers of cis-5-fluoro-1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine.

2',3'-Dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine (FTC) has been shown to be a potent and selective compound against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in acutely infected primary human lymphocytes. FTC is also active against human immunodeficiency virus type 2, simian immunodeficiency virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus in various cell culture systems, including human monocytes. The antiviral activity can be prevented by 2'-deoxycytidine, but not by other natural nucleosides, suggesting that FTC must be phosphorylated to be active and 2'-deoxycytidine kinase is responsible for the phosphorylation. By using chiral columns or enzymatic techniques, the two enantiomers of FTC were separated. The (-)-beta-enantiomer of FTC was about 20-fold more potent than the (+)-beta-enantiomer against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and was also effective in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM cells. Racemic FTC and its enantiomers were nontoxic to human lymphocytes and other cell lines at concentrations of up to 100 microM. Studies with human bone marrow cells indicated that racemic FTC and its (-)-enantiomer had a median inhibitory concentration of > 30 microM. The (+)-enantiomer was significantly more toxic than the (-)-enantiomer to myeloid progenitor cells. The susceptibilities to FTC of pretherapy isolates in comparison with those of posttherapy 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine-resistant viruses in human lymphocytes were not substantially different. Similar results were obtained with well-defined 2',3'-dideoxyinosine- and nevirapine-resistant viruses. (-)-FTC-5'-triphosphate competitively inhibited human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase, with an inhibition constant of 2.9 microM, when a poly(I)n.oligo(dC)19-24 template primer was used. These results suggest that further development of the (-)-Beta-enantiomer of FTC is warranted as an antiviral agent for infections caused by human immunodeficiency viruses.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1992

Effect of diet treatment on enuresis in children with migraine or hyperkinetic behavior.

Twenty-one children with migraine and/or hyperkinetic behavior disorder which was successfully treated with an oligoantigenic (few-foods) diet also suffered from nocturnal and/or diurnal enuresis. On diet, the enuresis stopped in 12 of these children and improved in an additional four. Identification of provoking foods was by sequential reintroduction of the foods that were avoided on the oligoantigenic diet. In eight of the 12 children who recovered on the oligoantigenic diet and in the four who improved, reintroduction of one or more foods provoked a reproducible relapse of the enuresis. Nine children were subjected to a placebo-controlled, double-blind reintroduction of provoking foods. Six children relapsed during testing with incriminated foods; none reacted to placebo. Enuresis in food-induced migraine and/or behavior disorder seems to respond, in some patients, to avoidance of provoking foods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Therapeutic community treatment for personality disordered adults: changes in neurotic symptomatology on follow-up.

Personality disordered patients are important as they place high continuing demands on services and are often refractory to traditional treatments. Often personality disorders may co-exist with neurotic symptomatology, worsening prognosis of the latter. This paper reports change in neurotic symptomatology following intensive, long term, therapeutic community treatment for such patients. Sixty two subjects with personality disorder were followed up for eight months after discharge (response rate 65%). Results showed a highly significant reduction in symptomatic distress as measured by the SCL-90R questionnaire. Investigation of the reliability and clinical importance of the change in individual subjects demonstrated that 55% of subjects had improved reliably, and in 32% this change was also clinically significant, whilst only 6.5% of subjects had deteriorated reliably.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Relative disease severity in siblings with myotonic dystrophy.

Myotonic dystrophy is an autosomal dominant disorder in which an early-onset form is characteristically inherited from the mother. We studied 17 affected sibling pairs from 15 families in which two or more affected children were born to mothers with myotonic dystrophy. Later-born affected children suffered more severe disease than their first-born siblings in 13 of 17 sibling pairs. Later-born affected siblings displayed significantly more neonatal feeding difficulties, later age when first sitting alone, later age when first walking alone, and a higher incidence of scoliosis. The overall difference in disease severity between affected siblings increased as the age difference between them increased, suggesting that increasing maternal age is a factor in the relative disease severity of affected children. These findings may have relevance for genetic counseling.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Induction of rat hepatic mixed-function oxidases by acetone and other physiological ketones: their role in diabetes-induced changes in cytochrome P450 proteins.

1. To evaluate the role of ketone bodies in diabetes-induced changes in hepatic cytochrome P450 composition, rats were treated with acetone, 3-hydroxybutyrate or 1,3-butanediol. 2. Treatment with acetone enhanced the rat hepatic O-dealkylations of ethoxyresorufin and methoxyresorufin, and the hydroxylation of p-nitrophenol, but had no effect on lauric acid hydroxylation and ethylmorphine N-demethylation. Neither 3-hydroxybutyrate nor 1,3-butanediol modulated the metabolism of the above substrates. 3. Immunoblot analysis of hepatic microsomal proteins revealed that treatment with acetone increased the apoprotein levels of P4501A2, P4502B1/2 and P4502E1. 4. It is concluded that acetone is responsible, at least partly, for the diabetes-induced increase in hepatic microsomal P4501A2, P4502B1/2 and P4502E1 proteins but does not mediate the increases in the P4503A1 and P4504A1 proteins. On the basis of work from our own and other laboratories a mechanism for the diabetes-induced changes in hepatic cytochrome P450 proteins is proposed.

Acetone↗