The nurse's problems in role negotiation in a partial hospitalization setting.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to J Waters.
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Two-photon microscopy in combination with novel fluorescent labeling techniques enables imaging of three-dimensional neuronal morphologies in intact brain tissue. In principle it is now possible to automatically reconstruct the dendritic branching patterns of neurons from 3-D fluorescence image stacks. In practice however, the signal-to-noise ratio can be low, in particular in the case of thin dendrites or axons imaged relatively deep in the tissue. Here we present a nonlinear anisotropic diffusion filter that enhances the signal-to-noise ratio while preserving the original dimensions of the structural elements. The key idea is to use structural information in the raw data-the local moments of inertia-to locally control the strength and direction of diffusion filtering. A cylindrical dendrite, for example, is effectively smoothed only parallel to its longitudinal axis, not perpendicular to it. This is demonstrated for artificial data as well as for in vivo two-photon microscopic data from pyramidal neurons of rat neocortex. In both cases noise is averaged out along the dendrites, leading to bridging of apparent gaps, while dendritic diameters are not affected. The filter is a valuable general tool for smoothing cellular processes and is well suited for preparing data for subsequent image segmentation and neuron reconstruction.
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A qualitative questionnaire survey was carried out to identify the perceptions and expectations of pain management of patients with sickle-cell disease, and of nurses. The study illustrates that the present sample of nurses contributed to the poor pain control of sickle-cell patients because of their misconceptions about narcotic addiction, inadequate formal pain assessment and their neglect of attention to the psychosocial implications of this chronic disease.
This paper gives an overview of the current shortfalls in the nursing care delivered to older people since the introduction of the NHS and Community Care Act. Descriptions of recent reports and studies are included alongside views of those involved in protecting the interests of older people
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