'HIV transmission via blood and saliva splashes to the face'.
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Aerosols↗
Biomedical subjects
J Wardle
Publications and source records attributed to J Wardle.
The European Health and Behaviour Survey: rationale, methods and initial results from the United Kingdom.
The aim of this study was to assess a wide range of health-related behaviours, beliefs concerning the importance of behaviours for health, and health knowledge, using a standardized protocol suitable for translation and administration in different countries of Europe. An inventory was developed from previous literature for the assessment of substance use, positive health practices, diet and eating habits, driving behaviour and preventive health care, beliefs concerning the importance of 25 activities for health, and knowledge about the influence of seven factors (including smoking, alcohol and diet) on major diseases. The first phase of the study involved administration of the inventory to approximately 200 male and 200 female university students aged 18-30 in 20 European countries. This report concerns data collected from 419 students in the U.K., together with analyses of short-term response stability. The inventory showed adequate short-term stability. Sex differences were observed in a number of behaviours, including consumption of fats and cholesterol, salt and fibre, dieting, exercise, sun-protection, driving speed, regular dental check-ups, frequency of brushing teeth, access to doctor and blood pressure measurement. Beliefs about the importance of behaviours for health were closely associated with the occurrence or frequency of the behaviours both within and between health behaviour categories. Little relationship was observed between health behaviour and awareness of the role of these same factors in disease. Important gaps in health knowledge were identified. Data concerning the frequency of health-related behaviours is crucial to the planning of health education and primary prevention programmes. The close association between beliefs and behaviour emphasises the importance of cognitive factors, while health knowledge appears to play a less direct role.
Adult↗
Lauryl sulphate haemoglobin: a non-hazardous substitute for HiCN in haemoglobinometry.
The haemiglobincyanide (HiCN) method for measuring haemoglobin is used extensively worldwide; its advantage is the ready availability of a stable and internationally accepted reference standard/calibrator. However, its use may create a problem, especially in automated analysers, as the waste disposal of large volumes of reagent containing cyanide may constitute a potential toxic hazard. As an alternative, conversion of haemoglobin to a sulphate derivative by nontoxic sodium lauryl sulphate has been proposed and is available as a commercial product from Toa Medical Electronics Co. Ltd., Japan. This evaluation has shown it to be as reliable and reproducible as HiCN for measuring haemoglobin at all concentrations, by both spectrophotometry and automated analyser. Maximum absorbance is at 534 nm. Total conversion occurs almost instantaneously, and includes methaemoglobin but not sulphaemoglobin. HbF is also measured. The only disadvantage is that solutions of haemoglobin-sulphate are stable for only a few hours at room temperature and up to three weeks at 4 degrees C. Thus, for standardization and calibration of instruments it is necessary to use a sample of blood or lysate the haemoglobin value of which has been assigned initially by the HiCN method.
Calibration↗
Adolescent concerns about weight and eating; a social-development perspective.
Eight hundred and forty-six children from multi-cultural schools in neighbourhoods of differing socio-economic background were interviewed concerning their attitudes to weight and eating. The results suggested that weight concern was high in the girls, with more than 50% feeling too fat and wanting to lose weight. The levels of weight concern were almost as high in the 11 year olds as in the 18 year olds, which suggests that weight concerns are beginning earlier than in the past. White girls reported more concern than black or Asian girls. Girls from higher SES background schools showed more concern than those from lower SES schools, although they were actually slimmer. Dieting was also more common in the girls and especially so in white girls and in those from the higher SES schools. However, it was not as common as has been found in North American samples. Within the field of psychological problems these results are unusual in finding evidence for less difficulty in the children from the least socially and culturally privileged backgrounds.
Adolescent↗
Cognitive restraint and sensitivity to cues for hunger and satiety.
The present study provides experimental evidence for the effects of cognitive restraint on sensitivity to internal and external cues of hunger. The design involved four experimental conditions. In each condition the subjects were given either a high calorie or a low calorie early morning drink, and either correctly or incorrectly told its calorie content. The subjects, 10 restrained and 10 nonrestrained normal weight women, then rated their subjective hunger and satiety responses and had a test meal. All subjects reported lower sensations of hunger and higher sensations of fullness after the high calorie drink than the low calorie drink, indicating sensitivity to internal cues. However, the restrained eaters' ratings of hunger were also influenced by the believed content of the drink, indicating sensitivity to external cues. The implications of the results are analysed in terms of current theories of restrained eating and their relevance to further research into pathological eating regulation is discussed.
Adult↗
Overeating: a regulatory behaviour in restrained eaters.
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Appetite↗
Conditioning processes and cue exposure in the modification of excessive eating.
Excessive eating is one of the principal characteristics of bulimia. Eating more than intended is also a prominent feature both of obese people who are trying to lose weight and normal weight women who are attempting to restrict their food intake. Overeating tends to be triggered by a specific set of cues, which commonly involve either mood disturbances or exposure to "forbidden" food, but may include other environmental cues. It is argued that conditioning processes are relevant both to the establishment of meal patterns in normal subjects and in the maintenance of excessive eating. Treatment procedures have typically followed the general approach of "Self Management" which emphasises reducing exposure to the cues associated with eating. An alternative approach derives from the idea that the association between eating responses (or urges to eat) and external cues may be learned, and therefore should in principle be ameanable to extinction through systematic unreinforced exposure. In this article the possible mechanisms of cue-induced overeating are discussed and the potential utility of cue exposure techniques for the management of excessive eating evaluated.
Arousal↗
Control of eating and attributional style.
The contribution of attributional style to the prediction of adherence to a dietary regime was assessed. An internal attributional style for negative events was found to predict diet-breaking behaviour. Attributions of 'global' causes for a particular lapse were found to predict a more serious relapse during the period of dietary restriction.
Adult↗
Behaviour therapy and benzodiazepines: allies or antagonists?
Behaviour therapy and benzodiazepines are directed towards common problems and are often used in combination. At present we know little about the beneficial or adverse interactions of these two treatments. This paper reviews the available literature and suggests that there are important theoretical and clinical issues to be resolved.
Animals↗
Benzodiazepine research: current findings and practical consequences.
The recent research literature on the effects of benzodiazepines is reviewed, with special emphasis on findings relevant for the practising clinician. The mode of action, patterns of use and abuse potential of benzodiazepines are discussed. The evidence on the risks of dependency and possible drawbacks of long-term use are examined. The possible effects of benzodiazepine use on psychological treatments are also examined, and factors that should be considered while treating benzodiazepine users are discussed.
Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
Mean platelet volume and size distribution and their sensitivity to agonists in patients with coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure.
Mean platelet volume was related to platelet count in patients with myocardial infarction (n = 55) and patients with congestive heart failure (n = 9). 18 patients with acute myocardial infarction were tested at admission and 4-7 days later, together with 13 patients with chronic stable angina and 10 patients with chest pain which was not related to coronary artery disease. In citrated blood a relative reduced frequency of large platelets (greater than 13 fl) occurred in patients with acute myocardial infarction at admission but was not seen during recovery or in patients with chronic stable angina. This suggests consumption of large platelets at time of thrombus formation. No relation was found between plasma catecholamine levels and mean platelet volumes. Effects of serotonine, adrenaline and CGP 28392, a calcium agonist, on platelet volume distributions were determined. Sensitivity of platelets to adrenaline was increased in patients with acute myocardial infarction on admission and reduced 4-7 days later, while in patients with congestive heart failure reactivity to both serotonine and adrenaline were reduced. This indicates a fast down-regulation during the early recovery phase of myocardial infarction and chronically in congestive heart failure.
Adult↗
Cognitive control of eating.
Eating behaviour, unlike many other biological functions, is often subject to sophisticated cognitive regulation. One of the most widely practised forms of cognitive control over food intake is dieting, i.e. attempting to restrict intake as a means of weight regulation. In this paper the development of dieting will be discussed, followed by an evaluation of the impact of cognitive control on food intake regulation. Cross-sectional studies, comparing dieters with non-dieters, suggest that dieting is linked with a variety of disturbances of food intake control, and that it may even provoke paradoxical overeating. An experimental investigation of the link between cognitive control and paradoxical overeating will also be discussed, along with the implications of this work for the understanding and treatment of eating disorders.
Cognition↗
Control and loss of control over eating: an experimental investigation.
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Adult↗
Restraint and food intake: an experimental study of eating patterns in the laboratory and in normal life.
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Adult↗
Eating style: a validation study of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire in normal subjects and women with eating disorders.
This study is a validation of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). Results from normal men and women confirmed the presence of three robust factors of restraint, emotional eating and external eating. Data from women attending 'weightwatchers', and patients with diagnoses of anorexia nervosa and bulimia indicated that the DEBQ was largely successful in identifying the eating styles which are thought to characterise these three client groups. The results were also evaluated in the light of predictions from restraint theory which suggest that chronic restraint is causally related to higher levels of externality and emotional eating.
Adolescent↗
Hunger and satiety: a multidimensional assessment of responses to caloric loads.
The assessment of hunger in human subjects is complicated by the variety of response systems involved. In the present study, hunger was tracked by subjective, physiological and behavioural responses after identical-tasting high or low calorie preloads. The contribution of nutritional and psychological factors was evaluated by giving half the subjects false information about the caloric content of the preload. Ten women took part, with all subjects participating in each experimental condition and a control condition, in counter-balanced order. The results showed that ratings of hunger symptoms, preferred foods, global hunger and satiety in the inter-meal interval were sensitive both to deprivation effects and to differences in the energy content of the preload. No effects of the psychological manipulation (beliefs about caloric content) were observed. At the test meal two hours later, all the subjective responses converged on a single point and physiological and behavioural responses likewise failed to discriminate the different preload conditions. The results are discussed in terms of a loosely-coupled multidimensional model of hunger.
Adult↗
Compulsive eating and dietary restraint.
The phenomenology of compulsive eating has encouraged comparisons with addictive behaviours and this has suggested that similar underlying processes might be at work. In this paper it is argued that craving for food, preoccupation with eating and loss of control over food intake represent a natural psychobiological adaptation to sub-optimal weight and food deprivation. Compulsive eating is therefore best understood in terms of a conflict between a biologically derived drive for food and a culturally derived drive for thinness. Both of these processes have their parallels in the maintenance of dependency disorders. The crucial difference however is that the urge to eat is biologically adaptive, and recovery from compulsive eating depends upon relaxing restraint.
Appetite↗
The feeling of hunger.
Hunger symptoms were assessed in two groups of normal subjects at a variety of times of day. The data showed that relatively few symptoms were endorsed even after longer deprivation periods, and they confirmed other experimental results suggesting that there is no strong and characteristic pattern of hunger symptoms. It is suggested that any notions of disturbed hunger sensations in patients with eating disorders must be evaluated carefully.
Feeding and Eating Disorders↗