In order to help assess the risk to astronauts due to the long-term exposure to the natural radiation environment in space, an understanding of how the primary radiation field is changed when passing through shielding and tissue materials must be obtained. One important aspect of the change in the primary radiation field after passing through shielding materials is the production of secondary particles from the breakup of the primary. Neutrons are an important component of the secondary particle field due to their relatively high biological weighting factors, and due to their relative abundance, especially behind thick shielding scenarios. Because of the complexity of the problem, the estimation of the risk from exposure to the secondary neutron field must be handled using calculational techniques. However, those calculations will need an extensive set of neutron cross section and thicktarget neutron yield data in order to make an accurate assessment of the risk. In this paper we briefly survey the existing neutron-production data sets that are applicable to the space radiation transport problem, and we point out how neutron production from protons is different than neutron production from heavy ions. We also make comparisons of one the heavy-ion data sets with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of the contribution of the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) to leprosy control in India based on the implementation of multiple drug therapy (MDT) 1981-1993.

The Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA) first supported the National Leprosy Control Programme in India in 1978. In 1981/82 priority was given to the implementation of multiple drug therapy (MDT), starting in two high-endemic districts, and gradually extending to a total of 19 districts in the years by 1993. SIDA then decided to undertake a detailed evaluation of its 12-year contribution and this was carried out by an international team between November 1993 and April 1994. In terms of epidemiological and public health impact, the main results were impressive and clear-cut; 837,519 cases (old and newly arising) were successfully treated, with few complications and a low rate of relapse. The voluntary reporting rate had improved significantly. Data relating to new case detection, child and disability rates were, however, less clear and difficult to interpret. Deficiencies were also identified in the areas of health education, community participation, gender issues, disability prevention and management, rehabilitation, operational research and assessment of cost-effectiveness. These problems should not, however, detract from the contribution of SIDA, from 1981 onwards, in establishing the implementation of MDT in two 'pilot' districts at an early and important stage in the history of the MDT programme in India. SIDA also made significant contributions in other areas, namely pre-MDT 'screening' of registers in 45 endemic districts in 1990-1993, appointment of consultant leprologists at district level, group education activities, annual meetings of voluntary agencies and the development of a monitoring and information system, with computer facilities, at national level. This paper describes the design and methodology, main findings and conclusions of the evaluation, based on the final report and the appendices submitted to SIDA in Stockholm in April 1994.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗