Opioid peptides.
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Autonomic Nervous System↗
Biomedical subjects
J W Thompson
Publications and source records attributed to J W Thompson.
Effects of acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on cold-induced pain in normal subjects.
The effects of acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) at high (100 Hz) and low (8 Hz) frequency and placebo on pain induced by cold immersion of the hand were studied in 46 young healthy male and female volunteers. Acupuncture produced significant elevations of pain threshold, while 100 Hz TENS or placebo had no effect. Eight Hertz TENS produced elevation of pain threshold with significant variation in response between individuals. There was some evidence that the L scale score of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire predicted analgesic outcome for 8 Hz TENS. No significant relationship was found between baseline pain threshold or tolerance and personality variables.
Acupuncture Therapy↗
Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and aspirin on late somatosensory evoked potentials in normal subjects.
The effects on late somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) of transcutaneous nerve stimulation (TENS) and aspirin (600 mg), compared with placebo, were studied in 32 young, healthy male and female volunteers. SEPs were produced by electrical stimulation of the median nerve at moderate, non-painful, intensities. There was a reduction in the peak-to-peak amplitude of the late components N1P2 (N1 latency: 100-160 msec; P2 latency: 160-260 msec) of the SEP in all groups over time. TENS but not aspirin produced further significant changes compared with placebo, including a fall in N1P2 amplitude, an increase in N1 latency, and a decrease in the total excursion of the SEP between 25 and 450 msec after stimulus onset.
Adult↗
Experimental studies for correction of superior laryngeal paralysis by fusion of the thyroid to cricoid cartilages.
Contraction of the cricothyroideus muscles (CTMs), innervated by the superior laryngeal nerves (SLNs), modulates the voice by tilting the thyroid cartilage anteriorly onto the top of the cricoid and tensing the vocal cords. Either unilateral or bilateral paralysis of the SLNs is disabling for individuals with above-average voice demands. Some patients never compensate for this paralysis; there is no surgical procedure recognized to correct it. This study tested the hypothesis that surgical fusion of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages anteriorly can correct the problems of SLN injury by duplicating the mechanical tilt of the thyroid onto the cricoid cartilage normally produced by the CTMs. The SLNs were cut in 12 dogs. In six the cricoid and thyroid cartilages were fused anteriorly. Vocal cord and airway function was assessed preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and 6 to 10 weeks after surgery. Following surgery there was no airway compromise and there appeared to be a more satisfactory compensation for the SLN paralysis in the fused larynges as compared with the unfused controls as determined by cinelaryngoscopic analysis.
Animals↗
Care needed in counting inpatient episodes.
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Hospitalization↗
Changing staffing patterns in community mental health centers.
During the last 15 years, there have been apparently contradictory criticisms of staffing patterns, and hence of care provided, in community mental health centers (CMHCs). To test their hypothesis that heterogeneity among CMHCs is responsible for the variety of criticisms, the authors examined staffing patterns in CMHCs between 1973 and 1981, dividing the centers into groups by organizational type. They found major differences in staffing between different types of centers, and between groups of centers added to the CMHC program during different time periods. The authors discuss the criticisms leveled at CMHCs in view of their findings, and suggest the research that is needed to clarify the differences between various types of CMHCs.
Community Mental Health Centers↗
Preliminary report on a crosswalk from DSM-III to ICD-9-CM.
The wide use of DSM-III by clinicians and researchers in the United States has led to difficulties in reporting to federal agencies, which adhere to a policy supporting the use of ICD-9-CM. To rectify this situation, three federal agencies collaborated to design a translation, or "crosswalk," from DSM-III to ICD-9-CM. The authors discuss some of the differences between the two systems, describe the development of the crosswalk, and make suggestions concerning future nosological and statistical systems.
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
The decline of state mental hospitals as training sites for psychiatric residents.
There has been national concern regarding the decreasing number of U.S. medical students entering psychiatric residency training programs in the 1970s at the same time that the Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee (GMENAC) report designated psychiatry as one of only three medical specialties with a manpower shortage. The authors document the decline in psychiatric residents in state mental hospitals from 1975 to 1980 and analyze five possible explanations for this absolute and relative decrease. They discuss approaches to altering the situation as well as the emerging role of the state mental hospital in the future training of psychiatric residents.
Career Choice↗
The "chronic" mental hospital patient.
The rapid decrease in the resident population of state hospitals over the last decade has engendered a debate over the future role of the state hospital in the overall mental health services system. The authors report on a 1979 study of more than 2,000 state hospital patients designed to evaluate the characteristics of the current hospital population. Their findings document the existence of a new long-stay population that in many ways is similar to the old long-stay population that existed before deinstitutionalization. Continued hospitalization of the new population of long-stay patients, who now are younger than the old long-stay patient group, could cost more than $500 million dollars a year. The authors discuss the difficulty in predicting future trends from the existing data and outline four areas for future research.
Adolescent↗
Regional and lateral specificity of acupuncture-induced action of blood-factor effects inhibiting hindlimb flexor reflexes in the rabbit.
Intravenous transfusion of blood plasma or serum from electroacupuncturally stimulated donor rabbits that displayed unilateral analgesia of a specific region of one hindlimb as shown by the lack of flexor withdrawal responses to pin pricks, caused the development of a comparable region of analgesia in naive, recipient rabbits. The site of this analgesia was comparable to that observed in the donor animals in terms of anatomical region and in terms of laterality. These findings indicate that acupunctural analgesia is induced through highly specific nervous and chemical mechanisms and that the substances produced can distinguish specific body regions located on one side of the body from the other.
Acupuncture Therapy↗
The NIMH translation from DSM-II/ICDA-8 to DSM-III/ICD-9-CM using grouped codes.
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Humans↗
Fifty years of psychiatric services: 1940-1990.
Using data from the National Institute of Mental Health and the Census Bureau, the authors examine trends in the delivery of mental health services over the past 40 years as they relate to number and types of facilities, utilization of services, diagnosis, and maintenance expenditures. The data show that during this period access to psychiatric services has been broadened, and there has been increasing use of outpatient and community-based services. More recently there has been increasing reliance on the private sector to provide services, with the help of third-party reimbursement. In addition, the types of facilities have become more varied, providing a broader range of options for mental health care. The authors consider the future of mental health services in light of these trends.
Community Mental Health Services↗
Should intake of carbon monoxide be used as a guide to intake of other smoke constituents?
The relation between blood carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) and plasma nicotine concentrations was studied in a group of 12 smokers smoking cigarettes of three levels of standard delivery. While the intake of carbon monoxide from a single cigarette was unrelated to the intake of nicotine, presmoking "trough" concentrations of the two substances (reflecting longer-term exposure) were highly correlated. Various other measures of nicotine exposure were at best only moderately correlated with blood nicotine concentrations. Thus trough COHb concentrations might be used to provide a reliable indication of the exposure to nicotine of individual smokers smoking the same type of cigarette, and of the relative exposure to nicotine of populations smoking cigarettes of different standard deliveries.
Carbon Monoxide↗
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia of the external ear canal.
Angioblastic lymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, or Kimura's disease, is a clinically and histopathologically recognized entity that is characterized by cutaneous nodules, proliferating blood vessels with atypical histiocyte-like endothelial cells, and numerous eosinophils. It has been treated with steroids and by surgical excision, irradiation, cryotherapy, and electrodesiccation. Persistent residual disease and local recurrence are frequent. We review the literature and report two cases that involve the ear. We present the histopathologic and clinical results of laser removal of a conchal and external canal lesion.
Adult↗
The seed and the soil: effect of dosage, personality and starting state on the response to delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol in man.
1 The effects of two doses of delta 9THC (2.5 and 10 mg), delivered by paced smoking of herbal cigarettes, on CNV magnitude, subjective mood ratings and heart rate were studied in 20 subjects. 2 There were highly significant interactions between drug dosage and Extraversion and Neuroticism scores, so that the direction and degree of response to the different doses of delta 9THC depended on the personality characteristics of the subjects. 3 The effects of 9 mg delta 9THC and placebo, delivered in herbal cigarettes smoked naturally, on smoking behaviour, subjective mood ratings, measures of autonomic activity and auditory and visual cortical evoked responses were compared in 12 subjects. 4 Smoking behaviour, subjective 'high' rating and elevation of heart rates were the most significant discriminators between drug and placebo. The latency of some of the components of the visual evoked responses was also increased by delta 9THC. 5 There was a significant correlation between the effects of delta 9THC on skin conductance reactivity and the basal (pre-drug) level, reactivity increasing after drug in subjects with low basal reactivity and decreasing in those with high basal levels. 6 Both experiments provided clear evidence of dose-dependent biphasic stimulant and depressant actions of delta 9THC on both subjective and objective measures, and these effects were influenced by the personality and the starting state of the subjects.
Cannabis↗
Biphasic dose-related responses of the CNV (contingent negative variation) to I.V. nicotine in man.
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Contingent Negative Variation↗
"Burnout" in group home houseparents.
Forty-seven houseparents of group homes for emotionally disturbed adolescents completed questionnaires measuring "burnout." There were profound differences between male and female subjects; for men, higher burnout scores were significantly correlated with higher salaries, screening prospective residents, and having no decision-making power in accepting residents. Women burned out more if they screened prospective residents or ran group meetings with residents. Significant relationships were also found between burnout and where time off was spent and support of friends, staff, and the organization. The author suggests that group home programs should differentially allocate tasks to men and women and should work with men on overly high expectations.
Adolescent↗
Inverting papillomas of the nose and paranasal sinuses.
Inverting papilloma of the nose and paranasal sinuses can sometimes be very difficult to distinguish from other nasal tumors, and the confusion ranges from allergic nasal polyposis to carcinoma. They are also certainly characterized by multiple recurrence, particularly after limited operations. The experience with 34 cases seen at UCLA over the past two decades is analyzed and a philosophy of treatment is outlined. We favor wide local excision which generally necessitates a lateral rhinotomy and medial maxillectomy. The operative approach will be described in detail.
Female↗