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Biomedical subjects

J W Pankey

Publications and source records attributed to J W Pankey.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

A case study of Streptococcus group G infection in a dairy herd.

In this paper an outbreak of bovine mastitis in a dairy herd caused by Streptococcus group G is described. Initial identification of the organism as Streptococcus agalactiae was based upon hemolysis, esculin reaction, and CAMP reaction observed on blood agar used for bulk milk analysis. Initial therapy with a penicillin-containing, lactating cow product cured 24.4% of all streptococcal infections. Definitive serogrouping by coagglutination determined that the majority of infections were due to a weakly-hemolytic, esculin-negative Streptococcus group G. Treatment with a cephalosporin, lactating cow product was only moderately successful (54.9%). Dry-cow therapy with 300 mg cephalosporin eliminated 69.5% of refractory infections. Animals remaining infected following dry-cow therapy were culled. Histopathological study of parenchymal tissue in the lower portion of infected quarters revealed mild damage and slight involutionary changes, whereas, deep parenchymal areas appeared relatively unaffected.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Postmilking teat antisepsis.

An effort was made to present the historical development of postmilking teat sanitizers, to discuss advantages and limitations of postmilking teat sanitization relative to specific mastitis pathogens, regulatory requirements, and the generic types of teat sanitizers. Methodologies used to evaluate the potential of teat sanitizers in reducing incidence of new IMI were discussed. Efficacy data from numerous controlled studies were discussed briefly. Teat-dip manufacturers advertise differences in efficacy values that were obtained under controlled research conditions. We are led to believe that relatively small differences in efficacy should prompt the use of one product over another. These efficacy differences have little comparative value, because the products, in most instances, were studied independently and the commercial extrapolations leave much to be desired for factual purposes. Management practices on individual dairy farms have more effect on reduction of rate of infections than do small differences in product efficacy. Also, some companies advertise about effective, in vitro germicidal activity. Such data do not relate to reduction in rate of udder infections and should not be considered evidence of efficacy in prevention of mastitis. A startling realization should become evident from this review; a paucity of information is available on some vital parameters relative to prevention of IMI. Many important areas of mastitis control related to postmilking teat antisepsis need an increased research commitment. Some of these areas include: effects of temperature on germicidal activity of teat dips; effects of climatic conditions on teat microflora; epidemiology of IMI with environmental pathogens; relationship between teat skin condition and incidence of IMI; and alternative control methods to reduce incidence of IMI. This question is asked often: "What is the best teat dip?" In my opinion, the best teat dip is the one that is dripping from teats when the cow leaves the parlor. In the words, most of the products sold today effectively prevent IMI when used properly.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Distribution, location, and ultrastructure of plasma cells in the uninfected, lactating bovine mammary gland.

Quantitative cytological analysis demonstrated a marked and progressive increase in concentration of subepithelial plasma cells from milk-secreting parenchyma to the distal teat end mucosa in the normal, lactating bovine mammary gland. Parenchymal plasma cells exhibited typical ultrastructure with abundant, flattened stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and hypertrophied Golgi components, while many cells in the teat end mucosa displayed an ergastoplasm distended with fine, flocculent material. Intraepithelial plasma cells were also observed in teat end mucosa. Results suggest that teat end tissues function by recruiting plasma cells to serve as protection against invading mastitis-causing organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Evaluation of the Staph-Ident and STAPHase systems for identification of staphylococci from bovine intramammary infections.

The Staph-Ident and STAPHase systems (Analytab Products, Plainview, N.Y.) were compared with conventional methods for identification of staphylococci isolated from bovine intramammary infections. Adjunct testing by colony morphology, pigmentation, and biochemical tests was conducted to resolve discrepant identifications. The initial accuracies of the conventional scheme and Staph-Ident were 92.1 and 89.2%, respectively. Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. chromogenes could not be identified by means of the Staph-Ident test, but the addition of pigment production as a key character permitted identification of most strains. The final accuracy of the Staph-Ident was 94.3%. The STAPHase system was as accurate as the conventional tube coagulase method. The Staph-Ident and STAPHase systems are acceptable alternatives to conventional methods for identification of staphylococcal species isolated from bovine intramammary infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Neutrophil migration through test end tissues of bovine mammary quarters experimentally challenged with Staphylococcus aureus.

Diapedesis and infiltration of neutrophils into internal epithelial tissues of the distal teat end and migration into milk were studied in bovine mammary quarters infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Neutrophil extravasation, penetration of the epithelium, and mode of passage into milk were evaluated by light and transmission electron microscopy. Collection of observations from 10 infected quarters of six cows provided morphologic evidence for the following sequence of events as neutrophils passed from blood into milk. In capillaries of the subepithelial stroma, neutrophils adhered to luminal walls, penetrated endothelia and basal lamina, then migrated across the periendothelial cell layer into extravascular connective tissues adjacent to epithelial linings. The leukocytes then penetrated epithelial basal laminae and migrated between basal epithelial cells to gain access to the luminal cell layer. Possible modes of migration across luminal cells into milk included 1) projection through individual, degenerate luminal cells, 2) penetration between intact epithelia, and 3) passage into milk as luminal cells desquamated in areas of epithelial metaplasia. The first method appeared to be the predominant mechanism of migration. These data suggest that elevated numbers of neutrophils in distal teat end epithelium and in cisternal milk may be instrumental in the initial events that prevent establishment of infection in the bovine mammary gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Evaluation of linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid teat dip under experimental challenge.

Linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid at 1.94% was evaluated as a teat dip in two experimental challenge trials. Each trial was 4 wk, and a half udder design was used. In the first trial the product reduced incidence of intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29740) by 82.5%. Incidence of infection with Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 27956) was reduced nonsignificantly 19.5%. Ineffectiveness was attributed to challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae at concentrations higher than previously used. In a second trial of only Streptococcus agalactiae, infections were reduced 56.9%; concentrations of challenge suspensions were those routinely used.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1984

Uptake on postmilking teat antisepsis.

A review of postmilking teat antisepsis in the control of mastitis is presented. History, development, and evaluation of teat dipping are summarized. General usage procedures are discussed, and limitations and hazards are described. Current recommendations for development of efficacy data on teat dips are outlined. Results of efficacy studies of several classes and formulations of teat dips are compiled.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Evaluation of linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid as a teat dip in a commercial dairy.

A postmilking teat dip containing 1.94% linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid was evaluated for approximately 6 mo on a commercial dairy farm that milked an average of 75 cows. Sixteen Staphylococcus aureus infections were diagnosed, 12 in the undipped control quarters and 4 in the dipped. Incidence of intramammary infection with Staphylococcus aureus was reduced 68.1%. Seventy-five infections were diagnosed as micrococci, 42 in control and 33 in the dipped group, a 23.6% reduction. A total of 37 Corynebacterium sp. infections were diagnosed, 21 and 16 in control and dipped groups, a 25.8% reduction. Teat skin condition did not change during the study.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Evaluation of teat dips with excised teats.

Thirty-eight teat dip formulations were evaluated for germicidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae with an excised teat model. Twenty-six of 27 iodophor products provided log reductions greater than 3 against Staphylococcus aureus, but only 13 against Streptococcus agalactiae. Log reductions obtained with two .2% quaternary ammonium and .5% cetylpyridium chloride products were greater than 4 against both organisms. A 1% benzyl alcohol formulation provided log reductions of 3.86 and 4.30 against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. Germicidal activities of six novel formulations containing sodium chlorite were determined. Two products were effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae with log reductions greater than 4. One product provided a log reduction of 3; three products were ineffective.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of nine teat dip formulations under experimental challenge to staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus agalactiae.

Nine postmilking teat dips were evaluated by an experimental challenge model against either Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, or both. Formulations containing .9 and .6% sodium hypochlorite, 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione, .55% chlorhexidine gluconate, and .35% povidone iodine reduced incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infections 56.8, 28.3, 75.9, 92.5, and 77.9%. Incidence of infections with Streptococcus agalactiae was reduced 48.1 and 63.2% by 1.7 and 1% sodium dichloro-s-triazene-trione formulations. The 1% chlorhexidine gluconate and .35% povidone iodine products reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 71.0 and 67.0%. Three experimental 1% iodophor formulations reduced Streptococcus agalactiae infections 28.9, 44.8, and 50.7%. The experimental challenge model was refined further and provided an efficient method to determine efficacy of postmilking teat dips.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of spray application of postmilking teat sanitizer.

Application of postmilking teat sanitizer by spraying was evaluated in two experimental challenge trials with Streptococcus agalactiae (ATCC 27956) (McDonald 44). A .5% quaternary ammonium teat sanitizer was used in both studies. By direct comparison, teat spraying and dipping did not differ in effectiveness. Efficacy for the .5% quaternary ammonium compound was 58.6%, similar to results on the product applied as a dip (13).

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1983

Cytologic observations of the bovine teat end.

Cells infiltrating from the vasculature and histologic components of internal tissues of teats (mammary papilla) from noninfected udder quarters were studied, using light and electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a progressive increase in number of infiltrating cells from the distal teat cistern (sinus papillaris) to the junction of the Furstenberg's rosette (distal termination and convergence of mucosal folds lining the teat cistern) and the streak canal (ductus papillaris). Plasma cells contributed to cellular increases in subepithelial connective tissue and were the most prevalent infiltrating cell type. Plasma cells also penetrated the basal epithelial lining of the rosette area and occasionally migrated to the luminal surface near the squamocolumnar junction. Neutrophils and monocytes contributed to the increase in cells infiltrating the epithelial lining. Few infiltrating cells were observed in epithelium and underlying stroma of the streak canal. Cytologic comparison demonstrated a reduction in all cell types from lactating to involuting phases of lactation. Greater numbers of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes were observed in teat end tissues from quarters previously infected with Staphylococcus aureus.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Determination of related compounds in aspirin by liquid chromatography.

A rapid liquid chromatographic procedure has been validated for the determination of salicylic acid, salsalate, acetylsalicylsalicylic acid, and acetylsalicylic anhydride in aspirin. Samples are dissolved in methylene chloride and analyzed directly by adsorption chromatography in a 7-min separation using an isocratic mobile phase. Recoveries averaged 99% over a 200-10,000 ppm concentration range with standard deviations of less than 4% for the four compounds of interest. Detection limits ranged from 5 to 36 ppm. Compared to a recently published reversed-phase liquid chromatographic procedure for analyzing aspirin, this method is twice as fast, more sensitive, and avoids the use of hydroxylic solvents which lead to degradation of aspirin and acetylsalicylic anhydride.

Aspirin↗
PubMed1982

A note on effectiveness of dry cow therapy in New Zealand dairy herds.

Two dry-cow therapy products were evaluated in seven factory-supply dairy herds in the Waikato area. A product containing neomycin sulphate and the benzathine salt of penicillin (Neopen D.C. White; Smith-Biolab) was used in five herds, and one containing benzathine cloxacillin (Orbenin, Beecham) was used in two herds. Non-treated control cows were included in each herd. Both products were effective in eliminating intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. Efficacy of dry-cow therapy against S. aureus was 83.8% and 85.2% respectively. Spontaneous cure rate among controls was 30.8% for S. aureus during the dry period. Spontaneous cure rate for Str. uberis was 50%, while dry-cow therapy eliminated 100% and 77.8%, respectively, for the two products. Dry-cow therapy with either product eliminated more than 90% of Str. agalactiae infections while spontaneous cure rate was only 28.6%. These results further support the effectiveness of dry-cow therapy in reducing the level of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds by shortening the duration of intramammary infections.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Hygiene in the prevention of udder infections. IV. Evaluation of teat dips with excised cows' teats.

Suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used to contaminate teats excised from cows. Commercially available teat dips were applied for evaluation of comparative germicidal activity. Iodophors, sodium hypochlorite, and sodium dichloro-s-triazenetrione were highly effective against all four test organisms. Quarternary ammonium, chlorhexidine, and cetylpyridinium chloride were effective against Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae but not Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bronopol and 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate were marginally effective on the two Gram positive organisms and ineffective on the two Gram negatives. Three of the dips were ineffective against all four pathogens; two were in nonaqueous bases, and the other was a blend of pine oil and antibodies with udder origin. In other trials, iodophor at .3% titratable iodine was highly effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. Products containing .5 and 1% iodophor maintained effectiveness after each was used to dip 140 teats under conditions of commercial dairying. Logarithmic reduction in the geometric mean number of organisms recovered from teats was more meaningful for evaluating data than percent reduction.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Hygiene in the prevention of udder infections. VI. Comparative efficacy of a teat dip under experimental and natural exposure to mastitis pathogens.

Efficacies (reduction of new intramammary infections) of a bronopol teat dip under experimental exposure to Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus were 41.7 and 54.4%. Under natural exposure, efficacy was 35.0% (P greater than .05) against Streptococcus species and 50.0% against Staphylococcus aureus during the first 9 mo of a 12-mo trial when favorable milking equipment and labor conditions prevailed. Corresponding figures were 20.0 and 13.0% during the last 3 mo following onset of malfunctioning equipment and deterioration of labor services.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Hygiene in the prevention of udder infections. I. Comparative efficacy of four teat dips.

Three trials of teat dips were conducted with experimental exposure to mastitis pathogens. A control group of animals and a group treated with a hypochlorite preparation were included in all trials while a third group was dipped with a different iodophor preparation in each trial. Four teat dips were highly effective in reducing the incidence of udder infection. Some teat irritation was transitory during each trial; most occurred in the hypochlorite group.

Animals↗