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Biomedical subjects

J V Linden

Publications and source records attributed to J V Linden.

30 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Blood donation and transfusion practices: the 1990 American Association of Blood Banks Institutional Membership Questionnaire.

Responses to the 1990 American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) Institutional Membership Questionnaire were submitted by 2126 regional blood centers, hospital-based blood banks, and transfusion facilities. Data from 2117 of these facilities were considered to be valid. The questionnaire included information on blood donor demographics, number of units collected, and collection procedures; services performed; usage of blood components; and transfusion-transmitted diseases reported during 1989. Institutional members collected 7.4 million whole blood units, of which 90.8 percent were donated for allogeneic use, 6.0 percent were donated for autologous use, and 3.2 percent were donated for directed use. Approximately 630,546 allogeneic and directed-use blood donors were deferred, most often for low hemoglobin or hematocrit values. Approximately 225,205 full allogeneic and directed-donor units were discarded, primarily for elevated alanine aminotransferase levels or the presence of hepatitis B core antibody. The 14.3 million transfused components included 56.7 percent red cell-containing components, 27.4 percent platelets, 11 percent fresh-frozen plasma, and 4.8 percent cryoprecipitate. Institutional members reported 1397 cases of transfusion-associated hepatitis. In this group, 921 patients were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen after the transfusion; 339 (36.8%) were found to be hepatitis B surface antigen positive. The AABB Institutional Questionnaire results provide recent data on blood donor and transfusion-related activities that are vital to the evaluation of current transfusion medicine practices.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

The regulation of hematopoietic stem cell collection and storage: the New York State approach.

In December 1988, the New York State (NYS) regulatory code on bone marrow banking went into effect. The goals of the regulations were to codify a high standard of practice, to prohibit charlatanism in the practice or promotion of stem cell banking, and to promote legitimate research. The NYS approach modeled the stem cell regulatory language after that already established for blood banks and clinical laboratories. Also, the stem cell standards are an element of standards applicable to all tissue banks, developed as a result of a comprehensive transplant law enacted in NYS in 1990. The code itself, published as an addendum to this article, mandates that a qualified (by training and experience) medical director and medical advisory committee be appointed, and gives broad and complete responsibility for the services provided to that medical director. Explicit written policies and procedures regarding administrative, technical, safety, and quality issues are necessary, but regulatory micromanagement of the laboratory was avoided by limiting detailed procedural requirements. We believe that these regulations have contributed to the quality and safety of stem cell-related therapies in NYS.

Biological Specimen Banks↗
PubMed1988

An estimate of blood donor eligibility in the general population.

To estimate the number of adults medically eligible to donate blood, the percent of the general population over the age of 16 deferrable by 13 current American Red Cross donor guidelines was calculated using the best available United States data. Categories examined included age, weight, hematocrit, pregnancy, blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes requiring insulin, male homosexual activity since 1977, intravenous drug use, sexual partner of high-risk group member, recent transfusion, history of cancer, and other (medical, surgical, travel history). Sex-specific total eligibility rates were estimated by serial multiplication of individual eligibility rates (1.0 minus deferral rates) to account for the proportionate overlap of independent categories, with corrections for expected associations between categories. The resultant eligibility rates for women (57%) and men (70%) indicate fewer eligible donors than commonly stated. Surrogate testing (ALT, anti-HBc) for non-A, non-B hepatitis would further reduce the percent of eligible donors to 55 and 67%, respectively. Based on the actual numbers of women and men in the population, these calculations indicate that an equal number of women and men are medically eligible to donate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Screening prospective blood donors for AIDS risk factors: will sufficient donors be found?

Using data from various sources--we estimate that 14 to 19 per cent of American males 17-75 have personal histories that place them at high risk of transmitting the HIV infection while an additional 2 per cent of adult females may be similarly affected. Because roughly one fourth of either group may already be unsuited to give blood, we estimate that 10-14 per cent of adult males, and 1 per cent of females would be specifically deferred from giving blood because of personal histories of high-risk behavior. Local adjustments in the assumptions underlying these estimates are needed to apply them to given communities.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

The effect of plateletpheresis on the Fenwal CS-3000 on donor platelet counts.

To evaluate the risk of significant plateletpheresis-induced thrombocytopenia in normal volunteer donors undergoing plateletpheresis less frequently than every 56 days and to help understand factors influencing platelet yield in these donors, pre- and postapheresis platelet counts (X 10(3)/microliter) and platelet yields were analyzed from 916 plateletpheresis procedures (Fenwal CS-3000) on 607 donors (405 men, 202 women). The mean preapheresis platelet count was 265 +/- 59 (SD) (range 155-650) (men 256 +/- 55 [170-444]; women 284 +/- 65 [155-650]; P less than .001, t-test). After an average platelet yield of 4.08 X 10(11), the mean postplatelet count was 185 +/- 46 (range 72-420) (men 184 +/- 42 [80-345]; women 194 +/- 52 [72-500]; P less than 0.1). The percent decrease in platelet count (mean 29.4 +/- 13, range -28.1-65.5) had positive correlations with platelet yield (P less than .01, r = 0.10), predonation platelet count (P less than .001, r = 0.29), and age (P less than .01, r = .10) and a negative correlation with weight (P less than .001, r = 0.18) Both the percent decrease and platelet yield were significantly higher in women than in men (P less than .001, t-test), and platelet yield was best predicted by preapheresis platelet count in both sexes (r = 0.65). The effects of plateletpheresis on donor platelet count thus vary widely among donors. Although a decrease of greater than 50% was not a rare event (5.9% of all procedures), in only three instances (0.3%) was the actual postapheresis platelet count below 100 (72, 94, 95). Thus, plateletpheresis in normal donors appears unlikely to produce clinically significant thrombocytopenia immediately after apheresis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Increased nickel concentrations in body fluids of patients with chronic alcoholism during disulfiram therapy.

Nickel concentrations were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry in body fluids of 61 patients with chronic alcoholism during disulfiram treatment (tetraethylthiuram disulfide, 250 mg/day, po). Nickel concentrations in serum, whole blood, and urine were significantly increased at 12 hours after the initial dose of disulfiram. In serum and whole blood, the Ni concentrations reached a plateau after two weeks of treatment; in urine, the Ni concentrations increased progressively during the initial four months of treatment. During the interval from four months to three years of disulfiram treatment, the median concentrations of nickel in serum, whole blood, and urine were elevated 17-, 15-, and 39-fold, respectively, compared to pretreatment values. The effects of disulfiram on nickel metabolism evidently involve chelation of dietary nickel by diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), a disulfiram metabolite, and gastrointestinal absorption of the Ni-DDC complex. Since animal studies have demonstrated cerebral uptake of the lipophilic Ni-DDC complex, nickel may possibly accumulate in brain cells of disulfiram-treated patients; physicians should therefore be cautious in administering disulfiram to persons with nickel-containing orthopedic prostheses or occupational exposures to nickel.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Nickel concentrations in serum of patients with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris.

Nickel was measured, by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in sera from (a) 30 healthy adults, (b) 54 patients with acute myocardial infarction, (c) 33 patients with unstable angina pectoris without infarction, and (d) five patients with coronary atherosclerosis who developed cardiac ischemia during treadmill exercise. Mean (and SD) concentrations in Group a were 0.3 (0.3) microgram/L (range less than 0.05-1.1 microgram/L). Within 72 h after hospital admission, hypernickelemia (Ni greater than or equal to 1.2 microgram/L) was found in 41 patients of group b (76%) and in 16 patients of group c (48%). Hypernickelemia was found before and after exercise in one patient of Group d (20%). Peak values averaged 3.0 micrograms/L (range 0.4-21 micrograms/L) in Group b, 1.5 microgram/L (range less than 0.05-3.3 micrograms/L) in Group c. In Group b, the mean time interval between the peak values for creatine kinase activity and for nickel was 18 h. Serum nickel concentrations were unrelated to age, sex, time of day, cigarette smoking, medications, clinical complications, or outcome. Mechanisms and sources of release of nickel into the serum of patients with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris are conjectural, but hypernickelemia may be related to the pathogenesis of ischemic myocardial injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Nickel induction of microsomal heme oxygenase activity in rodents.

Heme oxygenase activity was measured in tissues of rats killed after administration of NiCl2 or Ni3S2. Induction of renal heme oxygenase activity occurred 6 hr after NiCl2 injection (0.25 mmol/kg, sc), reached a maximum of five to six times the baseline activity at 17 hr, and remained significantly increased at 72 hr. Heme oxygenase activities were also increased in liver, lung, and brain at 17 hr after the NiCl2 injection; heme oxygenase activities in spleen and intestinal mucosa were unchanged. The effects of NiCl2 on heme oxygenase activities in kidney and liver were dose-related from 0.06 to 0.75 mmol/kg, sc. Three Ni chelators were administered (1 mmol/kg, im) prior to injection of NiCl2 (0.25 mmol/kg, sc); d-penicillamine partially prevented Ni induction of renal heme oxygenase activity; triethylenetetramine had no effect; sodium diethyldithiocarbamate enhanced the Ni induction of renal heme oxygenase activity (three times greater than NiCl2 alone). Intrarenal injection of Ni3S2 (10 mg/rat) caused induction of renal heme oxygenase activity at 1 week but not at 2, 3, or 4 weeks; no correlation was observed between induction of renal heme oxygenase activity and erythropoietin-mediated erythrocytosis. Hypoxia (10% O2, 12 hr/day, 7 days) did not affect renal heme oxygenase activity. Induction of renal heme oxygenase activity was observed in mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs killed 17 hr after injection of NiCl2 (0.25 mmol/kg, sc). These studies established (a) the time course, dose-effect, organ selectivity, and species susceptibility relationships for Ni induction of microsomal heme oxygenase activity, (b) the effects of Ni chelators, and (c) the lack of relationship between induction of renal heme oxygenase activity and the erythrocytosis that develops after intrarenal injection of Ni3S2.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Professional standards in cell and tissue processing.

In the United States, standards for cell and tissue processing have been developed by a variety of professional tissue banking organizations. Several organizations, including the American Association of Tissue Banks and the Eye Bank Association of America, have accreditation programs for member institutions. Some governmental agencies, such as the New York State Department of Health and the Food and Drug Administration, have adopted strict regulations, which may subject noncompliant tissue banks to certain enforcement actions. Professional tissue banking organizations have also issued guidelines that provide recommendations for implementing efficacious policies and procedures for the acquisition, processing, storage, and distribution of tissues.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blood nickel concentrations in patients with stainless-steel hip prostheses.

Nickel concentrations were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry in serum and whole blood specimens from patients 9 to 15 years after unilateral (N = 11) or bilateral (N = 2) hip arthroplasty. The hip prostheses were of the "Charnley" or "TR-28" (metal-to-plastic) types, fabricated of stainless-steel (14 to 16 percent Ni) with polyethylene acetabular cups. In 12 of the 13 patients, nickel concentrations (+/- SD) averaged 0.30 +/- 0.25 microgram per L (range 0.05 to 0.85) in serum and 0.36 +/- 0.20 microgram per L (range 0.11 to 0.67) in whole blood; these values did not differ significantly from the corresponding nickel concentrations in specimens from 30 healthy controls (0.28 +/- 0.24 microgram per L, range less than 0.05 to 1.08, in serum; 0.34 +/- 0.28 microgram per L, range less than 0.05 to 1.05, in whole blood). The remaining patient, a 78-year-old man with bilateral hip arthroplasty, had nickel concentrations of 3.1 micrograms per L in serum and 2.3 micrograms per L in whole blood; renal insufficiency apparently contributed to hypernickelemia in this patient. The arthroplasty patients were asymptomatic with respect to their joint replacements; X-rays at the last follow-up examinations did not reveal bone resorption around the implants. This study shows that patients with stainless-steel hip prostheses of the metal-to-plastic types do not develop hypernickelemia in the apparent absence of corrosion, local complications, or systemic conditions, such as renal insufficiency.

Adult↗