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Biomedical subjects

J T Huber

Publications and source records attributed to J T Huber.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Electronic information retrieval in nursing.

Electronic information networks are explored in terms of the political and economic impact of such concepts as the National Information Infrastructure. The relevancy of electronic information retrieval to nursing is discussed as it applies to current health-care information management. Electronic information sources applicable to nursing are described along with examples of how they may be utilized. Network functions, such as bulletin boards, Freenets and literature searches, are explained and the implications for evolution of health-care delivery are summarized.

Communication↗
PubMed1995

Effect of substituting steam-flaked sorghum for concentrate on lactation and digestion in dairy cows.

Thirty-five lactating cows (110 DIM), allotted to five dietary treatments for 70 d, were fed 0, 15, 30, or 45% of dietary DM as steam-flaked sorghum grain (360 g/L) in place of equal amounts of a mixture (DM basis) of 40% steam-rolled corn, 13% rolled barley, 20% wheat mill run, and 27% ground beet pulp in four diets. Thinly flaked sorghum grain (283 g/L) was also fed at 15% of dietary DM. The DMI tended to increase as flaked sorghum increased. Yields of milk and milk protein and percentages of milk protein and SNF increased linearly as sorghum increased. Milk yield of cows fed 15% of DM as the thinly flaked sorghum was higher than for cows fed the 360 g/L flake at 15% and similar to that of cows fed the 360 g/L flake at 30 or 45%. Feed efficiencies and changes in BW and body condition score were unaffected by treatment. As steam-flaked sorghum increased, digestibilities of DM, OM, ADF, NDF, and CP tended to decrease, except for the thinly flaked sorghum fed at 15% of DM. Apparent starch digestibility in the total tract was unaltered by diet. The 30 to 45% of DM fed as steam-flaked sorghum grain (360 g/L) increased yields of milk and milk protein, and thinly flaked sorghum (283 g/L) fed at 15% of DM increased milk yields over that of the control diet or that with the 360 g/L flake at 15% of DM.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Effect of sorghum grain processing on site and extent of digestion of starch in lactating dairy cows.

Four lactating Holstein cows, fitted with T-type cannulas in the proximal duodenum were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to study the effects of sorghum grain processing on site of digestion of nutrients. Diets were steam-rolled corn, dry-rolled sorghum, steam-flaked sorghum, and an equal mixture of steam-flaked and dry-rolled sorghum as 43% of DM in a TMR (35:65, ratio of forage to concentrate). Intake and duodenal starch for all diets averaged 6.8 and 2.1 kg/d. Apparent total tract and ruminal digestibilities of starch for the respective diets averaged 81, 60, 70, and 60 and 97, 85, 91, and 89%. Starch digestibilities in the intestine were higher for steam-flaked than for dry-rolled or mixed sorghum (83 vs. 63 and 61%). Consistent with less postruminal passage of starch, cows fed steam-flaked sorghum had higher fecal pH than did cows on other treatments. No effects of diet occurred on NDF or ADF digestibilities. Compared with dry rolling of sorghum, steam flaking increased the digestibility of starch in the rumen from 60 to 81% and in the small intestine from 63 to 83%, increasing digestible starch intake 9% (6.4 vs. 5.9 kg/d). Values for steam-rolled corn were intermediate. Microbial protein in the rumen was not significantly altered by diet.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Influence of steam-flaked sorghum grain and supplemental fat on performance of dairy cows in early lactation.

Effects of sorghum grain processing and fat supplementation on milk yield and composition and nutrient digestibilities were studied. Thirty-six Holstein cows were assigned at 5 d of lactation for 91 d to treatment: 1) dry-rolled sorghum, no added fat; 2) dry-rolled sorghum plus Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids; 3) steam-flaked sorghum, no added fat; and 4) steam-flaked sorghum plus Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids. Fat increased ether extract in diets from 5.7 to 7.5% of DM. Milk yield was 4.0 kg/d (12%) higher for cows fed steam-flaked than dry-rolled sorghum. Fat tended to decrease milk yield because of lower DMI, and feed efficiencies increased 15%. Milk protein decreased .14% on dry-rolled sorghum with added fat, but only .01% on the steam-flaked diet. Milk protein yield was higher for cows fed flaked than rolled sorghum. Flaking decreased milk fat percentage, but not yield. Added fat decreased shorter chain fatty acids in milk (C4 to C14), but oleic acid increased. Flaking increased C10, C12, and C14, but decreased oleic acid. Digestibilities for DM, CP, starch, and ether extract were higher for flaked and fat-supplemented diets. Flanking of sorghum prevented the milk protein decrease reported for early lactation cows fed added fat.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Quality of published reports of the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically assess the quality of published reports of the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia using a formal quality assessment instrument. DESIGN: Retrospective review of studies published during 1966-1991. ARTICLES: 108 articles related to the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia retrieved by a computerized search. INTERVENTION: All articles, blinded to author(s), journal title, year of publication, and study institution(s), were independently reviewed by two investigators using a ten-item quality assessment instrument designed to evaluate: 1) identification of the inception cohort (4 items), 2) description of referral patterns (1 item), 3) subject follow-up (2 items), and 4) statistical methods (3 items). Adherence to each of the ten individual quality items and an overall quality score were calculated for all articles and across three time periods. MAIN RESULTS: Among all 108 articles that underwent quality assessment, 30 were published from 1966 to 1979, 61 from 1980 through 1989, and 17 from 1990 through 1991. The mean total quality score of all articles was 0.55 (range 0.22-0.90). There was a significant trend toward improvement in total quality scores over the three time periods (0.50 to 0.56 to 0.65; p < 0.001). However, several systematic errors in the study design or reporting of these studies were discovered throughout time: only 3.7% provided comparative information about nonenrolled patients, 28.7% determined whether the study institution was a referral center, 36.1% specified inclusion or exclusion criteria, and 45.5% used appropriate statistical analyses to adjust for more than one prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Despite improvement in overall quality of published articles, systematic errors exist in the design and reporting of studies related to the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia. The quality assessment tool employed in this study could be used to guide the development of high-quality outcomes research in the future.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Influence of yucca extract on ruminal metabolism in cows.

Two trials were conducted to determine the influence of yucca extract on ruminal digestion, fermentation, and ammonia patterns using ruminally and duodenally cannulated dairy cows. In Trial 1, urea at 0 or 1% of the diet and yucca extract at 0 or 4 g/d formed four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square with 15-d periods. Duodenal digesta were sampled every 6 h during the last 4 d of each period to determine OM and ADF digestibilities and bacterial protein synthesis in the rumen using Cr2O3 and 15N markers. Ruminal digestibilities were (percentage): OM 46.3 vs 43.0%, and ADF 35.9 vs 41.4%, with or without Deodorase. Microbial protein entering the duodenum averaged 2.7 vs 3.1 kg/d for the respective treatments. Ruminal measurements were not affected by treatment (P > .10). In Trial 2, five cows were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square with 7-d periods. Treatments were 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/d of yucca extract administered via ruminal cannulas. Ruminal fluid was sampled 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, and 22 h after feeding during the last 2 d of each period. Average ruminal NH3 N ranged from 31.4 to 35.4 mg/dL, pH 5.99 to 6.18, and total VFA from 120 to 129 mM, and all did not differ among treatments (P > .10). Yucca extract administered at 4 g/d did not significantly affect ruminal digestibilities of OM and ADF, and up to 8 g/d did not affect ruminal NH3, pH, or VFA.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1994

Effect of steam flaking of corn and sorghum grains on performance of lactating cows.

The objective of this study was to compare the relative feeding value of sorghum versus corn grain in rolled or steam-flaked forms in diets for lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four Holstein cows (averaging 110 DIM) were divided into four groups and fed diets of 40% grain as dry-rolled sorghum, steam-rolled corn, steam-flaked sorghum, or steam-flaked corn for 70 d. Compared with rolling, flaking of both grains increased yields of milk, milk protein and fat, and protein percentage of milk, but differences tended to be greater for sorghum than for corn. Efficiency of feed utilization was higher for steam-flaked than for dry-rolled sorghum but was unaffected by corn processing. Flaking of both grains increased total tract digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, starch, ADF, and NDF. Estimates for NEL were 21% higher for flaked than for rolled sorghum and 6% higher for flaked than for rolled corn. No differences in performance of cows existed between corn and sorghum grains. Cows fed 40% of their diet as steam-flaked sorghum or corn yielded more milk and milk protein than those fed the rolled form of the grains, and no differences existed between types of grain fed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Effect of isocaloric infusion of glucose in the rumen or propionate in the duodenum.

This study was undertaken to understand better the mechanisms causing increased milk protein. Cows fed steam-flaked sorghum have increased milk protein compared with that of cows fed dry-rolled sorghum because of a large shift of starch digestion from the intestine to the rumen. Five cannulated lactating cows were infused with glucose in the rumen or with propionate in the duodenum in two trials. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 Latin square with 7 d of adjustment and 7 d of infusion. During the experiment, cows received a TMR containing 19.3% CP and 1.56 Mcal/kg of NEL (on a DM basis); alfalfa hay and dry-rolled sorghum grain were the principal ingredients. Similar concentrations in feces of cows among propionate treatments suggested complete absorption of infused propionate. Milk yield did not differ, but protein percentage of milk was higher (2.88 versus 2.72%) for cows infused ruminally with glucose than for those infused in the duodenum with propionate. For the respective treatments, duodenal flows were 2.11 and 1.76 kg/d for microbial protein and 3.44 and 2.73 kg/d for total CP (or 85 and 74% of CP intake). These data demonstrate that increased propionate availability for gluconeogenesis and a possible sparing of essential AA did not result in increased milk protein content, but ruminal infusion of glucose, which tended to increase microbial protein synthesis, did increase the protein percentage of milk.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1994

Effect of source and amount of supplemental fat on lactation and digestion in cows.

Thirty Holstein cows averaging 50 DIM were assigned to five dietary treatments for 75 d to determine the effects of source and amount of supplemental fat on milk yield, milk composition, and nutrient digestibilities. Diets were 1) control, 2) diet 1 plus 12% whole cotton-seed, 3) diet 2 plus 2.2% safflower oil, 4) diet 2 plus 2.2% prilled tallow fatty acids, and 5) diet 2 plus 4.4% prilled tallow fatty acids. Milk yield was increased an average of 2.1 kg/d by addition of 2.2% prilled tallow fatty acids or safflower oil to the diet (7% fatty acids) containing 12% whole cottonseed. However, when fatty acids were increased to 9.1% with additional prilled tallow fatty acids, milk yield, DMI, and fatty acid digestibility decreased. Whole cottonseed alone and in combination with all fat additions decreased milk protein concentrations. Safflower oil increased C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2 fatty acids in milk. Digestibilities of OM, NDF, and ADF were not affected by diet. Supplementation of a saturated or unsaturated fat source to increase fatty acid content to 7.0% of dietary DM increased milk yield, but a further increase in fat to 9.1% with the saturated source appeared excessive for cows yielding 30 to 35 kg/d of milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Heat stress interactions with protein, supplemental fat, and fungal cultures.

Cows that were subjected to hot environmental temperatures yielded less milk (3.1 kg/d) on a diet high in CP (18.4%) and of medium degradability (65%) than on diets high in CP of low degradability (59%) or medium in CP (16.1%). The high CP diets were associated with decreased DMI and higher water intake, ruminal NH4, and blood urea. Negative effects on yield from the high CP, medium degradability diet were not observed at moderate temperatures. Evaporative cooling of cows in hot weather resulted in a greater milk yield response to low versus medium rumen-undegradabale protein diets than for uncooled cows. Evaporative cooling of cows also affected response to protein quality. For cooled cows, high Lys diet (soybean, fish, and blood meals) increased milk yield 14% over that with low Lys diet (corn gluten meal), but, for uncooled cows, a high Lys diet only increased yield by 9%. Percentage of CP, degradability, and protein quality had no effect on body temperatures or respiration rates of lactating cows. Some, but not other, reports showed that supplementation of 2 to 2.5% fat to diets fed under hot summer conditions resulted in less yield response than when fat was added at moderate temperatures. In several studies, fungal cultures (3 to 5 g/d) in the diet decreased body temperatures and respiration rates in hot, but not cool, weather. Increased milk yields and cellulose digestibility also resulted from dietary fungal cultures in some, but not all, trials. The mechanism of action exerted by fungal cultures on body temperature and respiration rate is unclear.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of chemical and physical properties of feeds that affect protein metabolism in the rumen.

The goal of the NC-185 Cooperative Regional Research Project is to provide the information needed to improve the nutrition and feeding of dairy cattle, a major factor determining composition of milk and cost of milk yield. Emphasis is placed on understanding how energy and protein nutrition of lactating cows can be manipulated to increase the quantity and improve the profile of AA passing to the small intestine and to improve yield of milk and milk protein. To achieve this goal, one of the major objectives of this project has been to evaluate quantitatively the chemical and physical properties of protein and energy sources that determine AA availability to lactating cows. Reliable measurements of microbial protein synthesis and protein degradation in the rumen are critical in the evaluation process. Therefore, one of the ongoing areas of investigation of this research project has been to determine the most appropriate methods for estimating microbial protein synthesis and dietary protein degradation in the rumen. Other areas have been investigated, using continuous culture fermenters and ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows, including factors that alter microbial metabolism of N in the rumen and subsequently protein supply to the small intestine, such as sources of carbohydrate, protein, and fat and interrelationships of protein and carbohydrate. Findings of the NC-185 Cooperative Regional Research Project Committee and other investigators are summarized in this review.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Factors affecting response of cows to biweekly injections of sometribove.

Seventy-eight lactating Holstein cows (18 primiparous and 60 multiparous) were used to study certain factors affecting response in milk yields to biweekly injections of bST. Cows were intramuscularly injected with placebo or with 500 mg of bST every 14 d for 36 wk beginning 60 d postpartum. Primiparous cows responded less to bST than did multiparous cows. Cows were separated into three yield groups within each treatment based on pretreatment yield: low (27.0 kg/d), medium (32.0 kg/d), and high (39.0 kg/d). Response of low yielding cows to bST was numerically greater than that of medium or high yielding cows, but there was no significant interaction between treatment and pretreatment milk yield. Individual cow index for milk yield was used as a measure of genetic potential of cows, which were divided into two index groups: high cow index (greater than -23 kg) and low cow index (less than -23 kg). Cows in the high index group showed significantly higher milk yields than the low index group during treatment, but treatment by cow index interaction was not significant, suggesting that cows of widely ranging genetic potential respond similarly to bST. Response of cows to bST in mid to late lactation was slightly greater than in early lactation (15.9 and 10.6% vs. 17.8%, respectively), but no significant interaction of treatment by days postpartum was noted. Finally, even though cows treated with bST exhibited slightly higher rectal temperatures during the hot summer months, no significant difference in milk yield response to bST was noted during periods of moderate versus high ambient temperatures.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Influence of feeding varying levels of Amaferm on performance of lactating dairy cows.

Amaferm, a fermentation extract of Aspergillus oryzae, was fed as a top-dressing to dairy cows at 0, 1.5, 3, and 6 g/d in two lactation trials using 64 cows in 1989. Lactation trial 1 was conducted in the spring (March to May) and used 40 cows averaging 75 DIM for a 70-d treatment period. Lactation trial 2 was during the summer (June to July). Twenty-four cows averaging 140 DIM were employed in a 60-d study. Measurements included milk yield, feed intake, BW, rectal temperatures, respiration rate, and digestibility of CP, NDF, and DM. None of the levels of Amaferm had a significant effect on milk yield or composition, BW changes, or digestion coefficients in either trial. Cows fed 1.5 g/d of Amaferm had a higher DMI than those receiving 0 or 6 g in trial 1, and respiration rates were significantly higher for cows fed 3 g/d of Amaferm in trial 2. Under the conditions of this study, none of the levels of Amaferm affected the performance of lactating cows. Further elucidation of factors influencing response to Amaferm is needed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Effects of alfalfa hay of varying fiber fed at 35 or 50% of diet on lactation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows.

Five alfalfa hays (four from Arizona and one from California), varying in percentages of ADF (26, 28, 32, and 38%), were fed to 40 lactating Holstein cows averaging 90 DIM. Cows were in 10 groups of 4 cows each; groups were based on 14-d pretreatment milk yield. Each hay was included in TMR to provide 50 or 35% of DM. Diets were fed for ad libitum intake for 70 d. Feeding behavior of 2 cows per treatment was electronically monitored for 14 d. Total tract digestibilities of DM, ADF, and NDF were determined using Cr2O3, and ruminal in situ loss of DM, ADF, and NDF of hays was estimated using 4 cows fitted with ruminal fistulas. Dry matter intake, 3.5% FCM, changes in BW, rectal temperatures, and milk composition (except milk fat) were not affected by ADF in hays or concentrate percentage. However, milk yield decreased as ADF in hay increased, particularly at 50% concentrate. At 50% concentrate, milk yield of cows fed hays of 26 to 28% ADF averaged 30.7 kg/d, and the mean for cows fed 32 and 38% ADF hays was 27.6 kg/d. Milk fat percentages tended to be lower on higher concentrate. Eating time was longer as hay ADF increased and tended to decrease on high concentrate, but there were no significant effects of treatment on number or length of meals. In situ disappearance of DM, ADF, and NDF decreased as hay ADF increased, but total tract digestibilities of ADF and NDF were greater in hay of higher fiber content, particularly in cows fed 35% hay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Influence of feeding Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract on the milk yields, eating patterns, and body temperatures of lactating cows.

Trials were conducted to evaluate effects of a fermentation extract of Aspergillus oryzae (AO) on milk production and composition, diet digestibility, and rectal temperature changes in lactating dairy cows. Treatments were incorporated as a top dressing at the morning feeding and consisted of control (90 g/d of ground sorghum) or AO (3 g of culture + 87 g of ground sorghum daily). Twenty-four mid-lactation Holstein cows were paired for production in Lactation Trial 1 (LT-1). In Lactation Trial 2 (LT-2), 46 cows (20 primiparous and 26 multiparous) in early lactation were used. Trials lasted 12 wk. In LT-1, AO supplementation increased milk yields only at 2 (P less than .05) and 8 wk (P less than .10) of treatment. Rectal temperatures were lower (P less than .05) for cows fed AO for 4 of 10 readings made during summer. Supplementation of AO culture in LT-2 (early lactation cows) increased milk production and feed efficiency (P less than .05). Inner ear temperatures tended to be lower (P less than .11) for cows fed AO. Digestion trials, conducted at the end of lactation trials, used Cr2O3 as an indigestible marker. In Digestion Trial 1, digestibilities were not significantly (P greater than .10) affected by AO supplementation. However, in Digestion Trial 2, AO increased (P less than .05) digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, and ADF. Length and number of meals were not affected (P greater than .10) by feeding AO. In summary, milk yields, efficiency of milk production, and nutrient digestibilities were higher for early lactation cows fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with 3 g of AO/d. Mid-lactation cows fed a lower-energy diet were less responsive to AO than early lactation cows, though similar trends were shown.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Economic implications of bovine somatotropin use for the Arizona dairy industry.

This study examined the impacts of bST on income of dairy producers in Arizona. The nature of milk production in Arizona, the institutional aspects of the Milk Order, and the supply management program of the United Dairymen of Arizona (the only milk cooperative in Arizona) were considered in the model. Prices declined with increased milk yields from bST. Three dairy enterprise budgets demonstrated that gross revenue minus variable costs initially increased for adopters of bST but declined for nonadopters. If government milk purchase increases cause support price reductions, gross revenues less variable costs would decrease for both adopters and nonadopters but more for nonadopters. Adjustments in size of dairy farms would be required if increased milk production due to bST is large enough to result in decreases in milk price support levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Evaluation of sometribove in a prolonged-release system in lactating dairy cows--production responses.

Primiparous (n = 105) and multiparous (n = 136) Holstein cows were used to evaluate efficacy of sometribove (n-methionyl bovine somatotropin, bST) in a dose titration study. Cows were fed TMR for ad libitum intake, were milked twice daily, and were allocated randomly within parity (1 vs. 2+) to treatments of 0, 250, 500, or 750 mg bST/14 d in a prolonged-release formulation. Subcutaneous injections commenced 60 +/- 3 d postpartum and continued throughout lactation. During a standardized treatment period of 252 d, treatment with increasing dosages of bST increased 3.5% FCM yield in a dose-dependent manner for both primiparous (2.5 kg/d, 10.2%; 3.5 kg/d, 14.3%; and 5.9 kg/d, 24.1%) and multiparous cows (3.1 kg/d, 12.1%; 3.9 kg/d, 15.2%; and 6.8 kg/d, 26.5%). Milk content of fat, protein, lactose, ash, Ca and P, and SCC were not affected by treatment. Over the 252-d treatment period, voluntary intake of energy was increased in bST-treated cows such that BW gain, body condition score, and net energy balance did not differ among treatment groups. Productive efficiency (milk per unit NEL intake corrected for BW change) over the treatment period was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner for multiparous cows (4.1, 6.8, and 11.0%). Results demonstrated that bST administered in a prolonged-release formulation was efficacious in enhancing milk production and feed efficiency.

Animals↗