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J Swales

Publications and source records attributed to J Swales.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 reduces food intake and weight gain but maintains energy expenditure in diet-induced obese mice.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type-1 inhibitor BVT.2733 lowers blood glucose and insulin in mutant mouse models of obesity and diabetes. Its effects on energy balance and body composition, and their contribution to improved glucose homeostasis have received little attention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BVT.2733 (100 mg/kg, orally) was given twice daily to lean and diet-induced obese mice for 16 or 17 days. A group of obese mice was pair-fed to the amounts consumed by BVT.2733-treated mice. RESULTS: In both obese and lean mice, BVT.2733 reduced food intake and weight gain, but increased water intake. Pair-feeding caused almost as great a decrease in body weight as BVT.2733. Energy expenditure was 38+/-8% higher in the BVT.2733-treated obese mice than in the pair-fed mice. Terminal plasma corticosterone was raised, lean body weight reduced and percentage fat unchanged in the pair-fed mice (control, 47.8+/-2.6%; pair-fed, 47.1+/-1.9%), whereas BVT.2733 did not reduce lean mass, but did reduce percentage fat (40.9+/-2.0%). BVT.2733 but not pair-feeding reduced both the glucose tolerance AUC and the plasma insulin concentration 30 min after giving glucose. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: BVT.2733 reduced food intake but prevented a concomitant reduction in lean body mass and energy expenditure. The latter effects may have contributed to improved glucose tolerance.

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1↗
PubMed2000

Population advice on salt restriction: the social issues.

The scientific evidence that underlies public health advice depends upon critical integration of information from several sources. The most informative evidence relating to the effects of population reduction in salt intake comes from systematic reviews of clinical trials. Recent rigorous reviews of salt restriction trials in normal subjects show extremely small effects ranging from 1 to 2 mm Hg for systolic blood pressure and 0.1 to 1.0 mm Hg for diastolic pressure. These are the result of much greater reductions in sodium intake than can be achieved by population advice, and may be further amplified by publication bias and effects of changes in other dietary components. There is little trial evidence to enable possible benefits and adverse effects to be balanced. Reviews biased by the inclusion of nonrandomized studies exaggerate the apparent blood pressure fall 5- to 50-fold and create spurious apparent progressive falls in blood pressure. Nevertheless, citation analysis shows that they are quoted much more frequently than rigorous reviews reaching more negative conclusions. This appears to be the result of an attempt to create an impression of scientific consensus. The salt debate has important implications for social policy.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1994

Quis custodiet?

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Health Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Management guidelines in essential hypertension: report of the second working party of the British Hypertension Society.

Several important new issues have arisen in the management of patients with hypertension. A working party of the British Hypertension Society has therefore reviewed available intervention studies on anti-hypertensive treatment and made recommendations on blood pressure thresholds for intervention, on non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatments, and on treatment goals. This report also provides guidelines on blood pressure measurement, essential investigations, referrals for specialist advice, follow up, and stopping treatment.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Familial Conn's syndrome.

We describe the occurrence of primary hyperaldosteronism in two sisters. Although this is only the second published report of familial Conn's syndrome, it does have implications for the relatives of patients with Conn's syndrome and these are discussed.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1990

Reduction in vitro of red cell glutathione reproduces defects of cellular sodium transport seen in oedematous malnutrition.

Red cells in oedematous malnutrition (kwashiorkor) have an increased sodium content, 'leakiness' to sodium and enhanced sodium pumping. In non-oedematous malnutrition (marasmus) there is a reduction in the sodium pump activity. The explanation has hitherto been unknown but the glutathione content of red cells is low in kwashiorkor and normal in marasmus. We artificially lowered the glutathione content of normal red cells to values characteristic of mild oedematous malnutrition, using the enzyme inhibitors bischloronitrosourea (BCNU) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSOX). After preincubation, the cells were washed to remove the inhibitors and oxidized glutathione. Cellular content of sodium and potassium, and 86Rb influx were then measured. The reduction in glutathione reproduced the abnormalities of sodium content and flux observed in kwashiorkor. We suggest that oxidant stress in kwashiorkor, by reducing cellular glutathione, may affect cell membrane electrolyte transport. This may act through alterations in membrane sulfhydryl groups. Glutathione depletion may therefore play an important role in the clinical picture and natural history of oedematous malnutrition and may have relevance to other conditions where oxidant stress occurs.

Adult↗