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Biomedical subjects

J Stone

Publications and source records attributed to J Stone.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Advances in brief psychotherapy: a review of recent literature.

Clinicians, theorists, and researchers have for many years debated the issue of if, and how, psychotherapy can be abbreviated. It is only in recent years, however, that economic, social, and political factors have converged in a manner that makes it urgent for most psychotherapists to consider doing treatment quickly, efficiently, and cost-effectively. This review examines recent and significant trends in the literature on brief psychotherapy. Some of the important directions in short-term therapy that the authors examine are the broadening of criteria for patient selection, increasing attention to life-stage developmental issues, more flexible and creative allocation of time in therapy, new approaches to short-term group psychotherapy, and use of diverse intervention techniques. Outlooks for the future of brief treatment are also discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1983

Lymphocyte subpopulations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of Balb/c-mice defined by monoclonal antibodies.

The percentage of lymphocyte subpopulations from the bronchoalveolar space of Balb/c-mice expressing B-(Ia), and T-(Thy 1.2, Lyt 1.2 and Lyt 2.2) cell markers was determined using monoclonal antibodies and complement in the direct cytotoxic test. The cells were obtained by lung lavage from unstimulated animals. Only 6% of total cell yield (1.1 +/- 0.8 X 10(5) cells/mouse) showed no adherence and were separated by density centrifugation. The majority (95%) of these cells were esterase-negative lymphocytes. The mice had a higher percentage of B cells (51%) and suppressor cells (14%) and a lower percentage of total T cells (45%) and helper cells (28%) in lavage fluid of lungs than in the blood.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The topography of cytogenesis in the developing retina of the cat.

We have studied the pattern of cytogenesis in the developing retina of the cat, by observing mitotic cells in sections and whole mounts of the retinae of animals between the ages of E (embryonic day) 29 and P (postnatal day) 20. The whole mounts were prepared with the mitotic or ventricular layer uppermost; all of the mitotic cells in this layer could then be surveyed. In retinae from animals up to E46, mitotic cells were present in the ventricular layer at densities of 1000 to 3000 cells/mm2, and their density did not vary consistently with position in the retina. Thus cell division occurs throughout the retina at these ages, with an approximately constant spatial density. By E50, cytogenesis begins to cease and there is a significant pattern to the cessation. Initially, mitotic activity ceases over a small region of retina at the site of the developing area centralis. The nonmitotic area then increases with age, comprising the central 30 to 50% of the retina at birth and the whole of the retina by P10. The pattern of cessation of cytogenesis is closely coincident in space and time with the development of the outer plexiform layer and the maturation of the ganglion cell layer described in previous studies. These patterns presumably contribute to the regional variations in structure apparent in the adult retina.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The effect of captopril on renal, coronary, and systemic hemodynamics in patients with severe congestive heart failure.

The effects of captopril (CPT), an oral angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, on systemic failure (CHF). In 15 patients, CPT decreased mean arterial pressure from 75 +/- 3 to 60 +/- 3 mm Hg associated with a 16% increase in cardiac output, a 24% reduction in systemic vascular resistance, and a 36% decrease in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (all p less than 0.01). Despite the improved cardiac output, renal blood flow, creatinine clearance, and sodium excretion did not rise during the first 2 days of CPT therapy. In eight patients, coronary sinus blood flow diminished from 98 +/- 11 to 82 +/- 9 ml/min (p less than 0.01) following drug administration in association with a fall in arterial pressure and heart rate but no change in coronary sinus oxygen inhibitor failed to improve renal hemodynamics. In addition, initial CPT administration produced a decrease in coronary blood flow that was related to a decrease in myocardial oxygen requirements.

Captopril↗
PubMed1982

The optic nerve of the cat: appearance and loss of axons during normal development.

The number of axons in the optic nerve has been estimated in cats ranging in age from mid-gestation to adulthood. At mid-gestation the number of axons present in the nerve (218,000) already exceeded adult levels. The number of axons, nevertheless, more than doubled over the next 10-20 days, reaching a maximum of 450,000-483,000. In the last prenatal week and the first postnatal week, the number of axons declined rapidly, stabilizing at adult levels 2-3 weeks after birth. Myelination began just before birth and reached adult levels (over 95% of axons myelinated) 6-8 weeks after birth. Several mechanisms which may underlie the loss of axons are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The site of commencement of maturation in mammalian retina: observations in the cat.

The outer plexiform layer (OPL) of the retina has been studied in the developing cat, from E (embryonic day) 30. Prior to E51 the layer could not be detected, the retina comprising two cell layers, an inner layer which becomes the ganglion cell layer of the adult, and an outer 'neuroblast' layer. The OPL was first detected at E51 as a narrow gap separating the neuroblast layer into inner and outer parts, which will form the inner and outer nuclear layers of the adult. At E51 the OPL was present only over a small region at the area centralis. After E51 the OPL thickens and spreads, extending over the entire retina by P (postnatal day) 10. During development, the area over which the OPL is formed is horizontally elongated, resembling the visual streak specialization of the adult retina. This pattern of development seems distinct from the pattern of cell birth in non-mammals, in which the earliest-born cells are found at the optic disc, and later-born cells are found more peripherally, with a dorso-ventral asymmetry in their distribution. In the cat the maturation of the OPL begins simultaneously with the maturation of the ganglion cell layer reported previously. It is possible that the two processes are controlled by a single mechanism.

Aging↗
PubMed1982

Perspectives from tomorrow's therapists: the occupational therapists's role in assisting elderly people adjust to retirement.

The occupational therapist has historically been associated with assisting the individual function maximally within his environment. Retirement is a change of lifestyle to which most people must adjust. This paper outlines various aspects of retirement and examines possible future roles of the occupational therapist in helping elderly people adjust to retirement.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

The topography of primate retina: a study of the human, bushbaby, and new- and old-world monkeys.

The distribution of ganglion cells has been studied in the retinas of four primates: the prosimian bushbaby, the New-World squirrel monkey, the Old-World crab-eating cynamolgous monkey, and the human. The sizes of ganglion cell somas were also measured at a number of retinal locations and compared with similar measurements in the cat retina to test for the presence in primates of retinal specializations such as the visual streak, and for gradients in retinal structure, such as that between temporal and nasal retina. In all four primates, ganglion cell somas in peripheral retina ranged considerably in diameter (6-16 micrometer in the bushbaby, 8-22 micrometer in the squirrel monkey, 8-23 micrometer in the cynamolgous monkey, 8-26 micrometer in the human). It seems likely that the strong physiological correlates of soma size which have been described among cat retinal ganglion cells and among the relay cells of the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus are generally present in primates. In all four primates, evidence was also obtained of a visual streak specialization; the isodensity lines in ganglion cell density maps were horizontally elongated, and small-bodied ganglion cells were relatively more common in the region of the proposed streak than in other areas of peripheral retina. However, the visual streak seems less well developed than in the cat; among the four primate species examined it was best developed in the bushbaby, at least as assessed by the shape of the isodensity lines. All four primates showed a clear foveal specialization, but this feature seemed least developed in the bushbaby. At the fovea, ganglion cells are smaller in soma size than in peripheral retina; they also seemed more uniform in size, although some distinctly larger cells persist in the human and bushbaby. Soma size measurements also provided evidence of a difference between nasal and temporal areas of peripheral retina comparable to that reported for the cat and other species. Thus the primate retinas examined show features, such as the foveal specialization, which seem unique to them among mammals. They also show features, such as nasal-temporal differences in ganglion cell size, and (though weakly developed) a visual streak, which they have in common with other mammals with widely different phylogenetic histories.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Correlation between soma size and dendritic morphology in cat retinal ganglion cells: evidence of further variation in the gamma-cell class.

The morphology of ganglion cells in the cat's retina has been examined in Golgi-impregnated whole mounts. The alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cell groups described by Boycott and Wässle ('74) were observed. Also observed were many cells with wide dentritic fields typical of gamma-cells, and medium-sized somas more usually associated with beta-cells. It is suggested that these cells belong to the gamma-cell group, adding to the variety already described by Boycott and Wässle among gamma-cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Gradients between nasal and temporal areas of the cat retina in the properties of retinal ganglion cells.

Evidence is presented of gradients between nasal and temporal areas of the cat's retina in the properties of their ganglion cell populations. Mean ganglion cell size is greater in temporal retina than in nasal retina, partly because the alpha- and beta-cells of temporal retina are distinctly bigger than their counterparts in nasal retina, and partly because more medium-sized cells, and fewer small cells, are to be found in temporal retina. This high proportion of medium-sized ganglion cells may reflect a high proportion of beta-cells or of the medium sized gamma-cells described by Stone and Clarke ('80). Several of these differences can be related to prior morphological, electrophysiological, and behavioural observations in the cat, and similar differences have been reported in several other mammalian species. Evidence is presented that, in the cat, at least some of these differences are less marked near the vertical meridian of the retina than more temporally or nasally. The present results may therefore, be evidence of a nasal-temporal gradient in retinal structure and funtion common to many mammals, and distinct from previously recognised gradients in ganglion cell properties related to the area centralis and visual streak specialisations.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Distribution of small and medium-sized ganglion cells in the cat's retina.

The distributions of small and medium-sized ganglion cells in the cat's retina have been studied. The soma size ranges of ganglion cells projecting to the superior colliculus and the A-laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were determined by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Confirming previous work, the results suggest a division of the overall soma population into large, medium and small ranges. The large somas are the cell bodies of alpha- or Y-cells; the small somas are the cell bodies of gamma- or W-cells, most of which project to the superior colliculus; and the medium-sized somas include the cell bodies of beta- or X-cells and of gamma- or W-cells, most of which project to the forebrain. The small-soma (collicular-projecting) cells have a strongly streaky distribution, i.e., the isodensity lines in a map of their distribution are markedly elongated horizontally. These cells form the principal component of the visual streak, especially in nasal retina. The medium-soma (forebrain-projecting) cells also show some streakiness, i.e., their isodensity lines are also elongated horizontally, but less markedly than for small cells. The results also show differences between nasal and temporal retina in the distributions of medium-sized and small somas. It is suggested that the patterns of distribution of small and medium cells may be reflected in the topography of visual centres of the midbrain and forebrain, respectively.

Animals↗