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J Sowinski

Publications and source records attributed to J Sowinski.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Excess of twins among affected sibling pairs with autism: implications for the etiology of autism.

It is widely accepted that genes play a role in the etiology of autism. Evidence for this derives, in part, from twin data. However, despite converging evidence from gene-mapping studies, aspects of the genetic contribution remain obscure. In a sample of families selected because each had exactly two affected sibs, we observed a remarkably high proportion of affected twin pairs, both MZ and DZ. Of 166 affected sib pairs, 30 (12 MZ, 17 DZ, and 1 of unknown zygosity) were twin pairs. Deviation from expected values was statistically significant (P<10(-6) for all twins); in a similarly ascertained sample of individuals with type I diabetes, there was no deviation from expected values. We demonstrate that to ascribe the excess of twins with autism solely to ascertainment bias would require very large ascertainment factors; for example, affected twin pairs would need to be, on average, approximately 10 times more likely to be ascertained than affected non-twin sib pairs (or 7 times more likely if "stoppage" plays a role). Either risk factors (related to twinning or to fetal development) or other factors (genetic or nongenetic) in the parents may contribute to autism.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2001

Evidence for a three-nucleon-force effect in proton-deuteron elastic scattering.

Developments in spin-polarized internal targets for storage rings have permitted measurements of 197 MeV polarized protons scattering from vector polarized deuterons. This work presents measurements of the polarization observables A(y), iT11, and C(y,y) in proton-deuteron elastic scattering. When compared to calculations with and without three-nucleon forces, the measurements provide further evidence that three-nucleon forces make a contribution to the observables. This work indicates that three-body forces derived from static nuclear properties appear to be crucial to the description of dynamical properties.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Bone mass in chronic renal insufficiency patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) causes deterioration of the fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances, azotemia, and impairment of the structure and function of many systems. In the skeletal system, CRF changes both the quality and quantity of the bone through its multifactorial influence on bone metabolism, leading to osteopenia, osteoporosis, and increased risk of fracture. The aim of the present study was to work up the quickest and most sensitive schedule for detecting osteoporosis in chronic renal insufficiency patients treated with CAPD. Thirty-seven uremic patients were included in the study. Bone mineral density was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in lumbar spine, femoral neck, forearm (33% distal and ultradistal sites), and total body. Analyzing all five sites, we made the assessment that the prevalence of osteoporosis in our group of patients reached 48.6%. If only one site was evaluated, the ultradistal part of forearm yielded the highest frequency of diagnosis of osteoporosis (37.8%). Next came the femoral neck and total body (21.6% each). When the two sites in the forearm were taken into account together, the incidence of osteoporosis reached 40.5%. We conclude that the quickest and most sensitive method of detecting osteoporosis in CAPD patients is to measure bone mass in both forearm sites (33% distal and ultradistal), then in the femoral neck.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2000

A calculus clinical study comparing the efficacy of two commercially available dentifrices.

The objective of this double-blind clinical study, conducted in harmony with the Volpe-Manhold design for studies of dental calculus, was to compare the effect on supragingival calculus formation of a dentifrice containing pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate and a copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base (Test Dentifrice), to that of a commercially available calculus-inhibiting dentifrice containing tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, disodium pyrophosphate, and tetrasodium pyrophosphate in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base (Positive Control Dentifrice). Adult male and female subjects from the Northern New Jersey area were entered into the study, provided a full oral prophylaxis and assigned the use of a placebo (non-calculus-inhibiting) dentifrice for eight weeks. At the completion of this initial period, subjects were assessed for baseline Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index scores, provided another full prophylaxis and stratified into two treatment groups which were balanced for age, sex and baseline calculus. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice, using a soft-bristled toothbrush. Examinations for dental calculus were again performed after twelve weeks' use of the study dentifrices. Eighty-nine (89) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the entire study. At the three-month examination, the Test Dentifrice group exhibited a statistically significant 31.0% reduction in the mean Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index score compared to the Positive Control Dentifrice group. The results of this clinical study support the conclusion that a new calculus-inhibiting dentifrice containing pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, and a copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base is efficacious for the control of the development of supragingival calculus, and provides a level of benefit greater than that provided by a commercially available calculus-inhibiting dentifrice containing tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, disodium pyrophosphate, and tetrasodium pyrophosphate in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A twelve-week clinical comparison of two tartar control dentifrices.

The objective of this double-blind clinical study, conducted using the Volpe-Manhold evaluation method for dental calculus, was to compare the effect on supragingival calculus formation of a dentifrice containing tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and a copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base (Test Dentifrice), to that of a commercially available calculus-inhibiting dentifrice containing tetrasodium pyrophosphate and a copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base (Positive Control Dentifrice). Adult male and female subjects from the northern New Jersey area were entered into the study based on a pre-test (baseline) Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index score of 7.0 or greater, provided a full oral prophylaxis, and stratified into two treatment groups which were balanced for age, sex and baseline calculus scores. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice, using a soft-bristled toothbrush. Examinations for dental calculus were again performed after twelve weeks' use of the study dentifrices. Seventy-three (73) subjects complied with the protocol, and completed the entire study. At the twelve-week examination, the Test Dentifrice group exhibited a statistically significant 43.5% reduction in mean Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index scores compared to the Positive Control Dentifrice group. The results of this clinical study support the conclusion that a new calculus-inhibiting dentifrice, containing tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and a copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base, is efficacious for the control of the development of supragingival calculus, and provides a level of benefit greater than that provided by a commercially available calculus-inhibiting dentifrice containing tetrasodium pyrophosphate and a copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A six-week clinical efficacy study of a tooth whitening tartar control dentifrice for the removal of extrinsic tooth stain.

The objective of this double-blind clinical study was to investigate the tooth whitening efficacy of a new commercially available calculus-inhibiting dentifrice (Colgate Tartar Control Plus Whitening Fluoride dentifrice) containing tetra-sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and PVM/MA copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base (test dentifrice), compared to a commercially available, non-tooth whitening dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (control dentifrice). Following a baseline examination for, extrinsic tooth stain, qualifying adult male and female subjects from the Manchester, United Kingdom area were randomized into two treatment groups which were balanced for gender, age and level of extrinsic tooth stain. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice using a soft-bristled toothbrush. Examinations for extrinsic tooth stain were repeated after six weeks' use of the study dentifrices. Seventy-nine(79) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the entire study. At the six-week examination, subjects assigned to the test dentifrice treatment group exhibited statistically significant reductions of over 40% with respect to both extrinsic tooth stain area and extrinsic tooth stain intensity relative to those subjects assigned to the control dentifrice treatment group.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The clinical anticalculus efficacy of a tartar control whitening dentifrice for the prevention of supragingival calculus in a three-month study.

The objective of this double-blind clinical study was to compare the effect of a new dentifrice (Colgate Tartar Control Plus Whitening Fluoride Toothpaste) for the prevention of supragingival calculus, with that of a commercially available calculus-inhibiting dentifrice (Crest Tartar Control Toothpaste). The study involved adult male and female subjects who had pre-qualified for participation by developing sufficient supragingival calculus (greater than 7.0 on the Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index) during an eight-week screening period. Subjects received a full oral prophylaxis, and were stratified into two treatment groups balanced for age, sex and qualifying calculus score. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice using a soft-bristled toothbrush. Examinations for dental calculus were performed after twelve weeks' use of the study dentifrices, using the Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index, Fifty-eight (58) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the entire study. The Colgate Tartar Control Plus Whitening group exhibited a statistically significant (p < 0.001) 34.6% reduction in mean calculus score compared to the Crest Tartar Control group.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Clinical efficacy of a dentifrice containing zinc citrate: a 12-week calculus clinical study in adults.

The objective of this double-blind clinical study, conducted following the Volpe-Manhold design for studies of dental calculus, was to investigate the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a silica base (zinc citrate dentifrice) as compared to a control dentifrice containing 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a silica base (control dentifrice). Adult men and women from the Northern New Jersey area were provided a full oral prophylaxis and assigned the use of a control (non-tartar-control) dentifrice for 8 weeks. At the completion of this initial period, participants were assessed for baseline Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index scores, provided another full prophylaxis, and stratified into two treatment groups that were balanced for age, sex, and baseline calculus. Participants were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for 1 minute with their assigned dentifrice, using a soft-bristled toothbrush. Examinations for dental calculus were again performed after 12 weeks' use of the study dentifrices. Seventy-five participants complied with the protocol and completed the entire study. At the 12-week examination, the zinc citrate dentifrice group exhibited a statistically significant 31.9% reduction in mean Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index score as compared to the control dentifrice group. Thus, the results of this clinical study support the conclusion that a dentifrice containing 2% zinc citrate and 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a silica base is efficacious for the control of the development of supragingival calculus.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Clinical comparison of two tartar control dentifrices: a twelve-week study.

The objective of this double-blind clinical study was to investigate the anticalculus efficacy of a new improved tartar control dentifrice formulation containing tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, PVM/MA copolymer and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (New and Improved Colgate Tartar Control Fluoride Toothpaste with Micro-Cleaning Crystals) as the test dentifrice, compared to a previously marketed, American Dental Association-accepted, tartar control dentifrice formulation containing tetrasodium pyrophosphate, PVM/MA copolymer and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Colgate Tartar Control Fluoride Toothpaste with Micro-Cleaning Crystals), as the positive control dentifrice. Adult male and female subjects were entered into the study based on a pre-test (baseline) Volpe-Manhold calculus index score of 7.0 or greater, provided a full oral prophylaxis, and stratified into two treatment groups which were balanced for age, sex and baseline calculus scores. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice using a soft-bristled toothbrush. Examinations for the formation of supragingival dental calculus were performed after twelve-weeks' use of the study dentifrices. Seventy-three (73) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the entire study. At the 12-week examination, the test dentifrice group exhibited a statistically significant (p < 0.0008) 44.1% reduction in the mean Volpe-Manhold calculus index score compared to the mean calculus scores of the previously marketed, positive control dentifrice group. Thus, the results of this clinical study support the conclusion that the New and Improved Colgate Tartar Control Fluoride Toothpaste with Micro-Cleaning Crystals is more efficacious in controlling the development of supragingival calculus formation than the previously marketed Colgate Tartar Control Fluoride Toothpaste with Micro-Cleaning Crystals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A comparison of bone scans in uremic patients treated with intermittent peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.

The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of bone scans in uremic patients treated with intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) or hemodialysis (HD). Bone scintigraphy was performed using technetium Tc 99m etidronate (EHDP) in 28 uremics (age 46.0 +/- 13.5 years, x +/- SD) on IPD for 3.1 +/- 3.0 months and 28 uremics (age 43.5 +/- 11.6 years) on HD for 47.3 +/- 33.9 months. Serum c terminal parathormone (cPTH) exceeded 5.3 +/- 3.3 and 6.8 +/- 3.5 times the upper normal limit of 1.4 ng/mL in IPD and HD patients, respectively. Despite significant differences in dialysis treatment duration in IPD and HD patients, an increased Tc 99m EHDP uptake in bones was shown with similar frequency, when all the groups were compared. However, in the group of patients with serum cPTH exceeding four times the upper normal limit (n = 30) or in the age group less than 45 years old (n = 26), a greater marker uptake was observed in HD patients. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were shown in the cranial vault: 33% of HD patients (n = 18) with higher cPTH and 47% of those less than 45 years old (n = 15) revealed an increased marker uptake, whereas it was not observed in any IPD patient. When scans of HD patients dialyzed less than (n = 11) and more than (n = 17) 30 months were compared, a significantly higher appearance of increased marker uptake was shown in cranial vault (41% vs 0%, p < 0.02) and in sacral bone (82% vs 36%, p < 0.02) in patients with longer dialysis. The latter group of HD patients also showed an increased marker uptake in cranial vault compared to the entire group of PD patients (41% vs 7%, p < 0.01). Our studies suggest that bone scan changes, indicating secondary hyperparathyroidism, progress significantly with prolongation of dialysis treatment, especially in patients with higher cPTH levels of younger age.

Adult↗