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Biomedical subjects

J Smith

Publications and source records attributed to J Smith.

At least 991 records · Page 55Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Evaluation of doubly labeled water for measuring energy expenditure during changing nutrition.

Change in abundance of 2H and 18O in dietary water during a doubly labeled water energy period may introduce error into the calculated carbon dioxide production rate (RCO2). To examine the accuracy of 2H2(18)O during changing nutritional regimens, we compared 2H2(18)O and periodic open-circuit respiratory gas exchange (RGE) in postsurgical infants who were changing from parenteral to alternative parenteral and/or oral nutrition. The two methods were compared before and after correction for shifts in isotopic abundance of the infant water pools during the energy-expenditure period. Baseline corrections were predicted using the difference between abundances of the initial body water and final nutrient solutions. Before isotopic correction, 2H2(18)O underestimated RCO2 in eight subjects by 11.8 +/- 20.1% (mean +/- SD). After correction, agreement between the two methods improved; the underestimate was then -8.7 +/- 12.9%. To obtain maximum precision of 2H2(18)O, subjects should be maintained on the same nutritional regimen before and during the study unless valid correction formulae are used.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1988

Effect of oral glucose on the rate of metabolism of ethanol in humans.

We have tested whether the effect of carbohydrate on the rate of alcohol metabolism can be reproduced by glucose alone. Ten male subjects were given ethanol by intravenous infusion until a steady state was established and 100 g glucose in solution was then taken orally. The rate of alcohol metabolism, measured as the rate of infusion required to maintain a constant breath alcohol reading, increased significantly after glucose but there were differences between the subjects. The presence or absence of a change in the rate of alcohol metabolism after glucose was associated with the subject's fasting rate and with their glucose tolerance.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Kimura's disease of the orbit.

A 70-year-old man presented with proptosis and ptosis of the right eye. An orbital mass was palpable and computed tomography scanning and magnetic resonance imaging scanning confirmed its superior orbital position, with extension back to the orbital apex. Definitive biopsy, undertaken via an anterior orbitotomy, demonstrated the lesion to be Kimura's disease. The patient was managed conservatively, and most of his symptoms resolved. Kimura's disease involving the orbit is briefly reviewed in this paper.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Radiation-induced malignant tumors of bone in patients with Hodgkin's disease.

Sixteen cases of radiogenic malignant bone tumors which developed in patients 4 to 31 y after they had received radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease are compared with 70 similar cases occurring after radiation exposure for other causes. No significant differences in age at irradiation, latent period, histology of tumors or radiographic characteristics were found between the Hodgkin's cases and those of the comparison series. Fourteen of the 16 tumors in Hodgkin's patients, or 87%, were diagnosed in the 15-y period between 1971 and 1985 in contrast to only 34% of the larger non-Hodgkin's series. This difference appears significant and is associated with a doubling of the proportion of Hodgkin's patients who are now living past the minimum latent period for such tumors. The median dose in the Hodgkin's patients, 4000 cGy, is less than the 5100-cGy median in the other patients, and the range and protraction of the total doses are much less. In Hodgkin's patients who have received total nodal irradiation, the volume of osseous tissue which is exposed may reach 25% of the total in the body. This is much greater than in most other treatment plans. Six of the Hodgkin's patients received chemotherapy within a few months of irradiation; only three of 70 non-Hodgkin's patients did so. All of the last factors may have modified the risk of radiation carcinogenesis in the Hodgkin's patients but the data are not yet adequate for quantitation of the effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Risk, cost, and benefit of transporting ICU patients for special studies.

Prospective evaluation of 103 consecutive transports for diagnostic studies of 56 patients out of the Shock Trauma Unit over a 3-month period was done to document physiologic changes, the cost of each transport, and to assess whether the information gained was utilized to change patient management. Of the 56 patients, 36 (65%) were males and 20 (35%) were females with an age range of 14-82 years (mean, 48 years). The Apache II score ranged from 3-49 (mean, 19.4). There were seven types of diagnostic studies: CT of the head (28), CT of abdomen (35), CT of chest (four), angiography (nine), ventilation/perfusion scan (three), tomography (seven) and miscellaneous studies (15). The average trip time was 81 minutes, a range of 15-210, requiring an average of 3.3 personnel per trip. Ninety-four transported patients had ventilatory support, 26 had PA lines, and 26 transports required three or more IV infusion pumps. Sixty-eight per cent of all transports experienced serious physiologic changes of 5 minutes' duration defined as BP systolic or diastolic +/- 20 mm Hg (40%), pulse +/- 20 beats/minute (21%), ventilatory rate +/- 5/minute (20%), O2 saturation decrease by 5% or more (17%). There was a total of 113 serious changes requiring an increase in support of the patient during the transport. There were no significant differences when comparing diagnosis of patient or types of studies to the number of changes in the physiologic parameters, nor were there significant differences within a physiologic parameter when comparing patient types or diagnostic studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Incidence and morbidity of cytomegalovirus disease associated with a seronegative recipient receiving seropositive donor-specific transfusion and living-related donor transplantation. A multicenter evaluation.

This retrospective study was conducted to identify the frequency of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in seronegative recipients of donor-specific transfusion (DST) and living-related donor (LRD) kidneys from seropositive donors. A total of 151 LRD transplants (TX) were performed at six transplant centers over a 3-year period. A total of 33 patients were identified as having been seronegative (pre-TX) for CMV, yet they had DST and a TX from a seropositive LRD. Of these patients, 12 (36.4%) seroconverted within the first 6 months post-TX and developed clinical CMV disease. Additional patients seroconverted, but did not have evidence of clinical disease and were not tested further. All TX centers, with the exception of one, had seronegative patients that became ill after receiving a seropositive DST/LRD TX. Six patients manifested their disease as a febrile illness with leukopenia and liver enzyme elevations, four had pneumonitis, and two developed CMV ulcerations of the colon (one of whom died from resultant sepsis). Of the 36 seronegative patients who received seronegative DST/LRD TX none became ill with CMV disease. Of the 72 seropositive patients who received DST/LRD TX, only 2 (2.8%) developed CMV illness (one, seropositive into seropositive, the other, seronegative into seropositive). Of the 33 seronegative patients receiving seropositive DST/LRD TX, 17 received antilymphocyte preparations (ALP), and 8 of these became ill (47.1%). Of 16 patients not receiving ALP, 5 (31.3%) developed clinical CMV illness. Of the 33 patients who were identified as having been seronegative for CMV yet received seropositive DST/LRD TX, the 12 who did develop CMV illness had two graft losses, one death, and a serum creatinine for the remaining 9 patients of 2.3 +/- 1.6 at last follow-up. The remaining 21 patients who developed no illness had a serum creatinine of 1.3 +/- 0.6 with no graft losses at the last follow-up. This evidence suggests that a prospective TX recipient who is seronegative for CMV who receives DST/LRD TX from a seropositive family member has a significant risk for developing morbidity related to clinical CMV illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Structuring strain data for storage and retrieval of information on fungi and yeasts in MINE, the Microbial Information Network Europe.

A distributed Microbial Information Network Europe (MINE) is being constructed by a number of major microbial culture collections in countries of the European Community, with the support of the Biotechnology Action Programme (BAP) of the Commission of the European Community. The representatives of the collections participating in MINE have agreed to adopt a general format for the computer storage and retrieval of strain data. This uniform format will facilitate the electronic combination and exchange of data from different collections in order to produce integrated catalogues and the use of identical commands to search the different databases. It is recommended to other collections who may wish to contribute data to the MINE network or between themselves. Three kinds of records can be linked to the leading 'species records': strain records, synonym records, and alternative morphonym records. A minimum data set of 30 fields (similar to the fields used for producing catalogues) is defined that facilitates the exchange of data between the national nodes and serves as a directory to strains available at other nodes. It is suggested that the full strain record comprise 99 fields, grouped in 12 blocks: internal administration--name--strain administration--status--environment and history--biological interactions--sexuality--properties (cytology, biomolecular data)--genotype and genetics--growth conditions--chemistry and enzymes--practical applications. Several fields are divided into subfields of different ranks. Delimiters are used either to separate a range of entries that have to be indexed or to divide an entry from the reference to its source or remarks that should not be indexed. The contents and structure of the fields proposed for filamentous fungi and yeasts are described and in some cases illustrated by examples. Uniformity of input is essential for indexed fields and desirable for non-indexed fields. Seven thesaurus files are envisaged to ensure consistency.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1988

A focused casework approach to the treatment of child abuse: a controlled comparison.

Two contrasting therapies for the treatment of child abuse were compared in a randomised design: a focused casework approach to the whole family and a structured play therapy approach to the child. The Patterson coding system was used as an outcome measure. There was a high drop-out rate from both the therapies, but of those who completed the treatment, there was a greater improvement in the focused casework regime on some of the comparisons made.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Screening of the fetal heart rate in early labour.

The fetal heart rates (FHR) of 588 women admitted in labour, or in early labour after induction, were screened for up to 60 min (average 17 min) using computerized numerical analysis. Decelerative records with normal FHR variation occurred in eight (1.4%) and were not associated with acidaemia or depression at birth. Forty women (6.8%) had fetuses with a reduced FHR variation. They were more likely to be in spontaneous labour, to be at an earlier gestational age, and to be delivered operatively for fetal distress of babies that were more hypoxaemic and acidaemic. However, none of the fetuses with the least variable FHR patterns required resuscitation at birth or special care. The results of the screening procedure were not fully concealed and could have influenced clinical management. This is unlikely to have caused the associations that were observed, but could have reduced an association between low FHR variation and poor outcome. We conclude that there is a basis for a randomized controlled trial of FHR screening in early labour, but that this would need to be large (more than 10,000 patients) to test the benefit of detecting the most sinister pattern (decelerations with reduced variation) of which only one example was found in this study.

Female↗
PubMed1988

Calendar calculating in 'idiots savants': how do they do it?

A number of mentally handicapped individuals are able to solve difficult calendar date problems such as specifying the day of the week for a particular date, sometimes over spans of more than 100 years. These individuals are self-taught and do not follow procedures at all similar to the usual, published, algorithms. An investigation of one individual revealed that he retained considerable information about the structure of days in particular months, probably as visual images. His skill closely depended on the extent and form of his knowledge of calendars, and his errors were often a consequence of lack of knowledge about a particular time period. Mentally retarded individuals who perform calendar-date feats are often socially withdrawn and devote considerable periods of time to calendar dates. The most capable calendar-date calculators are usually individuals who have a strong interest in calendars as such.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Psychiatric symptoms and conflict among personal plans.

In everyday life, the existence of personal goals is indicated by the activities in which people are engaged, such as leisure interests, occupation and relationships. Incompatibility between goals was predicted to be one source of conflict associated with poor mental health symptoms. A series of studies using different methods (interviews and questionnaires) to measure the degree of perceived conflict in the daily activities of young and mature students and non-student adults is reported. Two forms of conflict are described - explict (between two or more activities) and implicit (the importance of the activity to the individual). The results show that younger and mature students (particularly women) show correlations between their conflict and symptom scores, unlike other survey groups. The transitional nature of the student role may create a situation where the conflict experienced by many in their everyday activities is aggravated, and which is more readily expressed by psychiatric symptoms than in other ways.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Cloning and expression of genes encoding Haemophilus somnus antigens.

A genomic library of Haemophilus somnus 2336, a virulent isolate from a calf with pneumonia (later used to reproduce H. somnus experimental pneumonia), was constructed in the cosmid vector pHC79. The gene bank in Escherichia coli DH1 was screened by filter immunoassay with convalescent-phase serum, which reacted with several outer membrane antigens of H. somnus. On Western blotting (immunoblotting) of immunoreactive colonies, five clones were found to express proteins which comigrated with H. somnus surface antigens. Three clones (DH1 pHS1, pHS3, and pHS4) expressed both a 120-kilodalton (kDa) antigen and a 76-kDa antigen, one clone (DH1 pHS2) expressed only the 76-kDa antigen, and the fifth clone (DH1 pHS5) expressed a 60-kDa antigen. The 120-kDa and 76-kDa antigens were found internally, whereas the 60-kDa protein was detected in the DH1 pHS5 culture supernatant as membrane blebs or insoluble protein. Both the H. somnus 120-kDa antigen and the recombinant 120-kDa antigen had immunoglobulin Fc-binding activity. Restriction endonuclease mapping demonstrated that the genomic DNA inserts of clones expressing the 76-kDa antigen shared a common 28.4-kilobase-pair region, and the three clones also expressing the 120-kDa antigen shared an additional 7.0-kilobase-pair region. The restriction endonuclease map of pHS5, which expressed the 60-kDa antigen, was not similar to the maps of the other four plasmids. Since these three H. somnus antigens reacted with protective convalescent-phase serum, the recombinants which express these proteins should be useful in further studies of protective immunity in bovine H. somnus disease.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1988

DNA hybridisation of cervical scrapes: comparison with cytological findings in Papanicolaou smears.

One hundred and sixty four cervical scrapes were taken over 26 months from 143 women aged 17 to 53 years, using an Ayre spatula. A smear was prepared from each sample for Papanicolaou staining and for cytological examination for evidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The cells remaining on the spatula were harvested for DNA analysis. These samples were probed for HPV 6, 16, and 18 and the results of DNA hybridisation and cytology were compared. Cytological changes of HPV (anucleate keratinised and keratinised squamous cells, koilocytic change and dyskeratosis, or multinucleation, or both) were detected in 103 (72%) of the samples where HPV DNA was detected; koilocytic changes were present in only 67 (48%). It is concluded that screening for a range of viral changes is a more sensitive method of detecting HPV infection than screening for koilocytic change alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Multidisciplinary team evaluation of school dysfunction. An analysis of utilization.

Little is known of the characteristics of children experiencing school dysfunction who are evaluated by multidisciplinary teams. The records of 87 children seen during a calendar year were reviewed and information was gathered regarding their age, sex, and referral source. In addition, the chief concerns of the child's parents and educators, and the diagnostic outcome, were considered. Boys were more likely to have been referred for behavioral problems than for academic issues. Girls were seen at an earlier age. Younger children were more likely to have been referred by physicians. While there was a significant association between gender and reason for referral, we found no such relationship between gender and final diagnostic classification. Variables in the utilization of evaluation services are described. Cognizance of these issues should lead to improved provision of care to all children experiencing school dysfunction.

Adolescent↗