Biomedical subjects

J Sim

Publications and source records attributed to J Sim.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

AIDS, nursing and occupational risk: an ethical analysis.

This paper examines the notion of risk assessment in relation to nursing patients with HIV infection or AIDS. Risk assessment consists in examining three features of a given hazard; its magnitude, its probability, and its acceptability. In relation to the last of these, an 'acceptability threshold' can be identified. If contact with HIV-infected patients is perceived to pass this threshold, nurses may seek to abrogate the usual 'duty to treat'. Rather than endeavour to pinpoint this threshold, the paper explores some of the factors which may either raise or lower it, and their ethical implications. In particular, the consequences of setting a high threshold, and thereby limiting or avoiding contact with patients infected with HIV, are examined. In this debate, the burden of proof is seen as resting firmly on nurses themselves, not on the patients at risk of being deprived of care.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1992

Preferential accumulation of n-3 fatty acids in the brain of chicks from eggs enriched with n-3 fatty acids.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the phospholipids of brain tissue. The extent to which maternal dietary n-3 fatty acid may influence the n-3 fatty acid composition of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) fractions of brain and liver tissue of progeny was investigated. Hens were fed diets containing n-9, n-3, or n-6 fatty acids. The brain tissue of the chicks from eggs enriched with n-3 fatty acids contained higher DHA, resulting in an increased C22:6 n-3:C20:4 n-6 ratio compared with chicks from eggs enriched with n-9 or n-6 fatty acids. Incorporation of C22:5 n-3, and C22:6 n-3 was mainly in the PE fraction as compared with the PC fraction of the chick brain. For chicks hatched from eggs enriched with n-9, n-3, and n-6 fatty acids, the total n-3 fatty acids in the brain PE fraction were 29.3, 41.3, and 21.9% compared with 6.7, 8.8, and 4.0% in the brain PC fraction. In contrast, the n-3 fatty acids increased evenly in phospholipid PC and PE fractions. Total amounts of PE in the brain lipids of chicks from eggs enriched with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were 40.8 and 41.9% compared with 33.1% for chicks from eggs enriched with n-9 fatty acids. Analyses of the remaining yolk sac revealed a preferential absorption of DHA from the egg PE fraction by the developing chick.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

An ethical analysis of physical therapists' duty to treat persons who have AIDS: homosexual patients as a test case.

A possible abrogation of the health professional's usual duty to treat sometimes is suggested in regard to patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The issue first arose and continues to be discussed in regard to those patients who have contracted AIDS through homosexual encounters, though there are now additional populations of patients with AIDS to whom the issue is being directed as well. We examine three lines of reasoning that may be advanced to support this view: the argument from morality, the argument from responsibility, and the argument from the alleged danger to others. We show logical and ethical shortcomings in each view and suggest how the physical therapist's duty to treat all patients who have AIDS can be realized in a safe and supportive environment.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1991

Nursing research: is there an obligation on subjects to participate?

Studies of the ethics of medical and nursing research have focused principally on the more practical issues to do with the research process, such as informed consent and protection of subjects from harm. A more fundamental question, which is often overlooked, is whether individuals are under any sort of obligation to participate as subjects in nursing research in the first place. The conclusions which nurses reach on this issue will help establish the overall moral climate in which nursing research is conducted. In this paper, three models of such an obligation are explored; one based on a notion of payment, one centred in the social contract, and one which seeks to establish an unconditional obligation. Each of these is seen to be flawed in various respects. The delicate and potentially conflicting relationship between obligation and consent is then briefly examined. In conclusion, it is argued that the notion of a 'moral claim' on participation in research is an ethically more acceptable approach than any strict sense of obligation.

Ethics↗

PubMed1991

Effect of feeding egg yolk powder on the plasma and tissue cholesterol levels in rats.

Two isonitrogenous diets, one containing 18.7% egg yolk powder (YP) and the other balanced with casein, lard, and cholesterol (CN), were fed to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 wk. Rats fed the YP diet had levels of plasma total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol similar to those fed CN. Free and total cholesterol contents of liver, but not heart tissue, were significantly lower in YP-fed than in CN-fed rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Effects of two feeding systems, two protein levels, and different dietary energy sources and levels on performance of squabbing pigeons.

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects on the performance of squabbing pigeons of two feeding systems based on two protein levels, two fat sources, and varying fat and energy levels. The first experiment was carried out with birds housed in pens and fed pelleted feeds of different CP levels (16 and 22%), with or without whole yellow corn. In the second experiment, birds were housed in pair cages. Two fat types (sunflower oil and animal tallow) were tested at three levels (0, 3, and 6%) to give three energy levels (2,650, 2,900, and 3,150 kcal ME/kg of diet) in isonitrogenous diets (15% CP). In the first experiment, the 16% CP diet with corn adversely affected squab livability and growth without affecting egg production traits or adult body weight. The 22% CP diet with or without corn and the 16% CP diet without corn gave similar responses for both the adult birds and their squabs. Daily intakes per pair of birds fed these three diets varied between 106 and 126 g for feed, 17.4 and 23.4 g for CP, and 340 and 398 kcal ME. In the second experiment, birds fed the diet with no supplemental fat did not produce squabs, whereas fat-supplemented diets resulted in production of at least six squabs. The source of fat did not significantly affect squab production. Feed intake decreased with increase in dietary energy level, resulting in similar consumption levels of energy for birds on all the diets. Average energy intake was about 235 kcal ME per pair per day for pigeons not producing squabs. Energy intake did not appear to correlate with squab production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1990

Vibratory massage and short-term recovery from muscular fatigue.

Percussive vibratory massage has long been purported to offset the negative effects of muscular exercise. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of this type of massage on recovery from repeated submaximal contractions. Twelve male subjects performed repeated, static contractions of the quadriceps at 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), with periodic MVCs performed after every fourth one. This pattern continued until the subject could no longer produce the required 70% (Tlim). The entire procedure was repeated three times with rest periods between each series. The rate of fatigue (ROF) was calculated from a regression line fit to the decline of the periodic MVCs. We studied the ROF during static exercise alone, as well as during static exercise following cycling for 30 min at 75% VO2max. In the control conditions, the subjects rested for 5 min between each of the three series of contractions. In the experimental conditions the subjects received 4 min of percussive vibratory massage and 1 min of rest. The results showed that there was no significant difference in ROF in either static or following dynamic exercise between the control and vibrated conditions. Although ROF was the same in all experimental conditions. Tlim occurred sooner following dynamic exercise because the initial MVC was significantly lower than static (p less than .008). We have therefore concluded that short-term recovery from intense muscular activity is not augmented by percussive vibratory massage.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Barley and full-fat canola seed in broiler diets.

Barley and full-fat canola seed (FFCS), with or without an added enzyme mixture, were evaluated in experiments with broiler chicks. In Experiment 1, test diets contained barley, wheat, and soybean meal and were supplemented or unsupplemented with raw FFCS (10%) or canola meal (6%). The control was a wheat-soybean meal diet. Diets were fed to male and female broiler chicks for 7 wk. The diet supplemented with raw FFCS produced significantly (P less than .05) lower weight gains than the other diets. There were elevated levels (P less than .05) of linoleic and linolenic acids (18:2 omega 6; 18:3 omega 3) in tissue lipids of chicks fed raw FFCS. In Experiment 2, broiler chicks were fed diets containing a steam-pelleted barley-FFCS mixture (80:20), included at a 50% level, along with supplemental barley. Total barley level in the experimental diets was 50%. 45%, and 40%. A barley-soybean meal diet was used as a control. All diets were fed with and without an enzyme supplement. Chicks fed the barley-FFCS diets were similar to those fed the control diet in respect to production parameters and carcass characteristics. Supplementation of diets with the enzyme mixture resulted in significantly larger body weight gains and lower feed:gain ratios. In Experiment 3, enzyme supplementation increased (P less than .01) the ME of the steam-pelleted barley-FFCS mixtures and the mixed feed containing barley-FFCS. Data from Experiment 4 indicated that there were no significant differences in availability among amino acids from barley, FFCS, or pelleted barley-FFCS mixture diets.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1989

Barley and full-fat canola seed in layer diets.

Combinations of barley and full-fat canola seed (FFCS) were evaluated in two experiments with pullets. In Experiment 1, diets containing 40% barley plus FFCS or canola meal (CM) were compared with wheat-soybean and barley-soybean control diets. In Experiment 2, various steam-pelleted barley-FFCS mixtures (80:20 70:30, 60:40, 50:50) were used at the 40% dietary level in pullet diets. Diets within each experiment were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Egg production was depressed when hens were fed unpelleted barley-FFCS diets, whereas hens fed pelleted barley-FFCS diets produced at a rate equivalent to those fed the control diet. Feed consumption, feed conversion, and egg weight were not influenced by dietary treatment. Yolk color index was significantly increased in eggs from hens fed diets containing increasing amounts of FFCS. In Experiment 2, contents of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid in the yolk increased in a linear manner with increasing content of FFCS in the diets.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1989

The health visitor's visit.

A study was undertaken to see how closely 100 clients' views of the purpose of the health visitor's home visit were in accord with the professionals' views. It was found that overall clients' views of the purposes of the health visitor's visit were in general agreement with the professionals' view. However the satisfaction with the visit felt by professionals and client did not depend on the closeness of agreement of their views on the reasons for the visit.

Community Health Nursing↗

PubMed1984