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Biomedical subjects

J Sherman

Publications and source records attributed to J Sherman.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Alcohol-ingestive habits. The role of flavor and effect.

We propose that alcohol is a food and that drinking alcohol is fundamentally a feeding habit. Many feeding habits are acquired by Pavlovian conditioning in which the flavor of food [conditioned stimulus (CS)] is adjusted by the aftereffects of the ingested meal [unconditioned stimulus (US)]. Thus, repletion of nutritive deficits or recuperation from illness enhances flavor palatability, whereas toxicosis or nausea reduces it. After reviewing the major functional and neurophysiological features of this homeostatic conditioning process, we relate them to the flavor (CS) and effect (US) of alcohol. We present evidence suggesting that the caloric effects of low-dose alcoholic drinks may help to establish and maintain alcohol habits through conditioned palatability changes. Included is a general treatment of the antagonistic interactions between such homeostatic conditioning and the behavioral mechanisms used to defend again peripheral insults such as electric shock. In closing, we discuss the implications for modifying alcoholic habits.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1983

Growth enhancement of prolactin-sensitive mammary tumor by periaqueductal gray stimulation.

The weight of prolactin-insensitive and prolactin-sensitive tumors implanted in female rats was measured upon their sacrifice. The group that received periaqueductal gray (PAG) stimulation subsequent to prolactin-sensitive tumor implantation had statistically higher incidence of enhanced tumor growth than non-PAG stimulated control group (P less than .001). There was no statistically significant difference seen in the tumor growth in rats implanted with prolactin insensitive tumor, whether or not they had PAG stimulation. These results suggest that enhanced tumor growth with PAG stimulation may be related to prolactin release, previously reported to occur with beta-endorphin and opiate administration.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Septo-optic dysplasia and median cleft face syndrome in a patient with isolated growth hormone deficiency and hyperprolactinemia.

A pituitary evaluation was carried out in a 12-year-old girl who had early puberty, short stature, optic nerve hypoplasia, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Her growth hormone (GH) response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia and arginine infusion was blunted. Basal and stimulated levels of prolactin were elevated. The association of GH deficiency and hyperprolactinemia suggests a disruption of the dopaminergic modulation of these hormones. The facial features seen in our patient, such as hypertelorism, V-shaped frontal hairline, and cleft nose and upper lip, are enough to justify the diagnosis of median cleft face (MCF) syndrome. However, the optic nerve hypoplasia and the GH deficiency are characteristics of septo-optic dysplasia, and, to our knowledge, they have never been described in patients with MCF syndrome. Our case fulfills the diagnostic criteria of both, representing a link between both ends of this spectrum.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1983

Radiation induced carcinoma of the middle ear.

Radiation induced carcinoma of the middle ear is rare. Only four cases have been reported; an additional case is now described. The treatment approach for radiation induced carcinoma of the middle ear has not yet been established. Radiation therapy for advanced cases is discussed as an alternative to surgical treatment. Previous reported cases are reviewed.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Simultaneous pattern-reversal electroretinograms and visual evoked potentials in diseases of the macula and optic nerve.

Although it is well established that the flash electroretinogram (ERG) is preganglionic in origin, conflicting evidence exists concerning the main source of the pattern-reversal ERG(PERG). In this study, PERGs were recorded simultaneously with visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) in a group of patients and controls. In those patients with obvious macular disease, both the PERG and PVEP were reduced, whereas the standard flash ERG was normal. This result is consistent with either a preganglionic or ganglion cell origin of the PERG. In those patients with obvious optic nerve disease (n = 7), normal or near-normal PERGs were recordable even when PVEPs were completely absent. If the PERG reflects ganglion cell activity, one would anticipate both abnormal PVEPs and PERGs in these patients. These results suggest a preganglionic origin of the PERG in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Computed tomography of abdominal fatty masses.

Computed tomographic (CT) scans of 34 cases of abdominal fatty masses were reviewed retrospectively in order to establish criteria for distinguishing benign conditions from malignant tumors. By evaluating location, attenuation, internal consistency, and margination, it is possible not only to make this distinction but frequently to suggest a specific diagnosis. Abdominal fatty masses that are sharply marginated, homogeneous, and that show CT numbers less than or equal to the patient's normal fat can be considered benign. Malignancy should be suspected when an extrarenal abdominal fatty mass displays one or more of the following characteristics: inhomogeneity, infiltration or poor margination, CT numbers greater than the patient's normal fat, or contrast enhancement. Criteria for distinguishing between angiomyolipoma and liposarcoma are also discussed.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1981

EDTA-mediated separation of cat tracheal lining epithelium.

After specimens of cat trachea were incubated for 2 hr in 20 mM EDTA, the epithelium could easily be stripped from the mucosal surface with a dissecting needle. The epithelium was cleanly separated from its basal lamina, which remained fixed to the lamina propria. Epithelial cells were well preserved, junctional complexes were structurally intact, and there was no widening of intercellular spaces. The inferior epithelial surface was irregular, with numerous membrane-bound blebs arising from the constituent epithelial cells. Hemidesmosomes, which are found only on basal cells, were covered by a nap of fine filaments, the remnants of the filaments that normally traverse the lamina lucida. In many basal cells, cleaved hemidesmosomes were internalized, probably representing a stage in their lysosomal degradation. The basal lamina adhering to the lamina propria appeared in the transmission electron microscope as a sinuous linear density. In the scanning electron microscope, the basal lamina surface had an irregularly corrugated appearance. The basal lamina continued into the stomata of the submucosal gland ducts, which intersected the surface at an acute angle. Anchoring fibrils identical to those associated with stratified squamous epithelium were found in significant numbers on the connective tissue face of the basal lamina. Separation of tracheal tissues may provide a means whereby secretory activity and products of epithelium and submucosal glands can be individually assessed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Comparison of a simplified whole blood and isolated lymphocyte stimulation technique.

Whole blood and isolated lymphocyte stimulation in healthy men were compared utilizing PHA, ConA, and PWM. Dose response curves with each of the 3 mitogens were found to differ with the two techniques of lymphocytes stimulation. When incubation time was lengthened PWM responses increased markedly in both the whole blood and isolated lymphocyte assays. Increased incubation time had no effect on PHA cultures and increased the responses with ConA in the whole blood method. In each study, responses with 3H-thymidine were comparable to responses utilizing 125IUdR.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The differential diagnosis of retinal disease from optic nerve disease.

Patients complaining of reduced acuity in the absence of a clearcut diagnosis present a challenge to the eye care practitioner. It is important to differentiate retinal disease from optic nerve disease as the etiology of the decrease in vision. This differentiation can have significant ramifications and must be determined for patient welfare and management. Several procedures may be used in making the differential diagnosis of macular or retinal from optic nerve disease. Some of these procedures are easy to perform and include Amsler grid, color vision testing, pupillary reflexes, light-brightness comparison, and macular dazzle. Other procedures require a greater degree of sophistication and include fluorescein angiography, the Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) and simultaneous VEPs and ERGs (Electroretinograms). The clinician should be aware of all of these procedures and how each may be useful in this differential diagnosis.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1980

The differential diagnosis of visual disorders in patients presenting with marked symptoms but with no observable ocular abnormality.

A differential diagnosis of nine conditions which sometimes produce distressing symptoms without overt signs is presented. Sophisticated tests, especially electrodiagnostic ones, can aid the optometrist in making the correct decision. The selected procedures and the expected results are summarized in a table. The conditions reviewed are Stargardt's macular degeneration, Leber's congenital amaurosis, albinism, foveal hypoplasia, retinitis pigmentosa, retrobulbar neuritis, amblyopia, and problems of psychogenic origin.

Albinism↗