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Biomedical subjects

J Shaw

Publications and source records attributed to J Shaw.

At least 217 records · Page 12Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

The unnecessary penile implant.

Elaborate medical and psychological technologies now provide options to men with erectile difficulties. An increasingly popular option is the penile prosthesis. However, physicians and sex therapists should have concerns about inadequate evaluation and counseling, the increasing numbers of unnecessary or inappropriate implants, and inadequate provision of treatment options. Concerns of sex therapists who treat dissatisfied postimplant patients include: What proportion of implants performed each year are unnecessary or inappropriate? How many patients receive a prosthesis as the initial and only treatment option? How does a sex therapist let offending surgeons know of continuous errors in clinical judgment? A plea is made for attention to and investigation of this issue.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

The effects of small plate osteosynthesis on postoperative radiotherapy.

Small plate osteosynthesis is becoming increasingly popular in reconstruction following ablative surgery for oral malignancies. In those cases where postoperative radiotherapy is to be included in the treatment it has been suggested that these plates may cause problems such as dose enhancement and tumour shielding and should therefore be removed prior to the radiotherapy. A physical method is described to assess the anticipated radiation dose changes at the tissue/plate interface both behind and in front of the plate. As a result of this assessment certain recommendations are made.

Bone Plates↗
PubMed1989

Noradrenaline and cardiac hypertrophy in the rat: changes in morphology, blood pressure and ventricular performance.

Noradrenaline hydrochloride (160 micrograms base/kg per h) or vehicle were infused subcutaneously for 11 days into 35 male Wistar-Furth rats using osmotic minipumps. Chronic noradrenaline infusion produced moderate hypertrophy of both ventricles without causing tissue oedema. Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy was concentric with no change in cavity volume, increased mass: volume ratio (approximately 50%) and increased fibre diameter (approximately 25%). In the conscious rat, noradrenaline produced only a slight increase in mean arterial pressure (13%) and heart rate (11%) but a marked increase in the variability of mean blood pressure (250%). The extent of LV hypertrophy was not related to the level of mean blood pressure or to its variability. In the anaesthetized rat, peak cardiac pumping ability was normal before and after cardiac autonomic blockade. Peak pressure-generating ability during aortic occlusion was increased in hypertrophied hearts before autonomic blockade but was similar to control rats after autonomic blockade. Chronic noradrenaline administration produces cardiac hypertrophy which has many similarities to hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy but no clear association with the level of blood pressure.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Linkage analysis in the spinal muscular atrophy type of facioscapulohumeral disease.

Facioscapulohumeral disease is probably a heterogeneous disorder. We have ascertained and sampled two multigeneration families with the neurogenic form of this disorder, considered to be a type of spinal muscular atrophy (FSHSMA). The two families have 36 affected members. Linkage studies with 10 expressed and seven DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers failed to show significant linkage (Zmax greater than or equal to 3.00). However, two areas of probable linkage were defined on chromosomes 1p and 4q with the markers MNS (Zmax = 1.47 at theta max = 0.10) and PGM1 (Zmax = 0.94 at theta max = 0.001) respectively. We are using additional RFLPs from these and other areas of the human genome to screen these families for linkage to FSHSMA.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1989

Psychological components and the role of adjunct interventions in chronic idiopathic urticaria.

A psychological assessment (Symptom Checklist-90) was performed on 19 patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Compared to the control group, the urticaria patients had significantly higher scores on the scales of somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety. In general, the urticaria patients were quite anxious and experienced significant discomfort in interpersonal relationships. Based on the results of this study and other similar reports in the literature, it is suggested that adjunctive treatment of urticaria patients should focus primarily on stress management training aimed at relieving anxiety and group therapy which focuses on an exploration of interpersonal issues.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Genetic homogeneity at the Friedreich ataxia locus on chromosome 9.

Classical Friedreich ataxia, a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder involving both the central and peripheral nervous systems, has been subclassified according to the observed clinical heterogeneity. The variations in the age at onset and in the spectrum and severity of symptoms have previously been interpreted as evidence of genetic heterogeneity. We have studied the linkage between the disorder and closely linked DNA markers in families of distinct ethnic origins, including the "typical" French-Canadians and the Acadian population of Louisiana. The disease in these two populations, both of continental French origin, has a very similar initial clinical picture. However, a marked difference in the rate of progression of the obligatory symptoms after 10 years of apparent disease is observed. A total of 553 individuals from 80 families with 202 affected members have been typed with the chromosome 9 marker MCT112, which we have previously shown to be closely linked to the disease locus. Evidence for linkage was observed in all families with the generation of a combined total lod score of 25.09 at a recombination fraction of theta = .00, providing strong evidence for genetic homogeneity at this locus for the classical form of this disease.

Canada↗
PubMed1988

Rheumatoid arthritis impact survey.

A survey was undertaken to determine the effects of rheumatoid arthritis on the daily lives of patients. A randomly selected group of 135 Indians and blacks with rheumatoid arthritis were interviewed. Only 24% were employed and 35% were dependent on financial support from the state. Twenty-two per cent did not know the name of their illness and 89% expressed a desire to learn more about it. The most important problems encountered were pain (96%), stiffness (80%) and financial (58%). Activities such as toilet after-care, combing hair, bathing and dressing presented problems for a significant proportion of patients. The majority (73%) reported improvement on therapy. The survey showed that in rheumatoid arthritis, there is a great need for education and counselling of patients, there is a high unemployment rate and there is also a need for total patient care by a team of health professionals.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1988

How accurately does the Reflotron dry-chemistry system measure plasma total cholesterol levels when used a community-screening device.

This study compared the measurements of total cholesterol levels by means of a Reflotron dry-chemistry system and a standard laboratory method with the Hitachi 705 analyser. Simultaneous blood samples were collected by finger-prick and by venepuncture from 80 volunteers. The ranges of total cholesterol levels were 3.38-8.45 mmol/L (Reflotron) and 3.59-8.83 mmol/L (Hitachi). The mean (+/- standard deviation [SD]) difference between the two methods was 0.22 +/- 0.30 mmol/L. All the subjects provided a second finger-prick sample of blood on the next day to assess the reproducibility of the Reflotron system. The mean (+/- SD) cholesterol levels that were obtained by the Reflotron method on Day 1 and Day 2 were 5.38 +/- 1.17 mmol/L and 5.30 +/- 1.14 mmol/L, respectively. These results did not differ significantly (mean difference, 0.079 mmol/L; standard error, 0.045 mmol/L). Provided that the operator is trained appropriately, the Reflotron system gives rapid, accurate and reproducible results.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Mapping of mutation causing Friedreich's ataxia to human chromosome 9.

Friedreich's ataxia is an autosomal recessive disease with progressive degeneration of the central and peripheral nervous system. The biochemical abnormality underlying the disorder has not been identified. Prompted by the success in localizing the mutations causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Huntington's disease and cystic fibrosis, we have undertaken molecular genetic linkage studies to determine the chromosomal site of the Friedreich's ataxia mutation as an initial step towards the isolation and characterization of the defective gene. We report the assignment of the gene mutation for this disorder to chromosome 9p22-CEN by genetic linkage to an anonymous DNA marker MCT112 and the interferon-beta gene probe. In contrast to the clinical variation seen for the disorder, no evidence of genetic heterogeneity is observed.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1988

Mechanisms regulating the level of IL-2 mRNA in T lymphocytes.

IL-2 mRNA has a t1/2 of 1 to 2 h in T lymphocyte cell lines and in activated human PBL. Human Jurkat cells show a rapid increase of IL-2 mRNA on induction of IL-2 synthesis, followed by an equally rapid decline 4 to 6 h later. The decline occurs despite a high rate of synthesis, and appears to be due to an enhanced rate of IL-2 mRNA degradation. The degradation of IL-2 mRNA is selectively sensitive to cycloheximide and actinomycin D, inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis, respectively. IL-2 mRNA levels in mouse EL4.E1 T lymphoma cells, and in activated human PBL, decline rapidly on removal of the inducing agents, indicating that transcription continues only as long as the activating signal is present. The transience of IL-2 mRNA is seen as an important property of a transiently acting immunoregulatory factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Regulations which govern the availability of therapeutic drugs in Australia.

This article looks at the history and development of drug regulation in Australia, concentrating on the changes that have occurred in the last few years. It touches briefly on the system by which many drugs are subsidized and examines the way in which a de facto "restricted" list became less restricted. It deals with clinical trial approval procedures as these have changed markedly and turns to consider advertising and promotion of drugs. In concluding, it discusses the advantages and some of the shortcomings of the system.

Advertising↗
PubMed1988

Vitrification of mouse oocytes results in aneuploid zygotes and malformed fetuses.

Vitrification of mouse oocytes adversely affected the subsequent developmental potential of embryos and fetuses derived from the fertilization of such oocytes after thawing. Only 5% of oocytes vitrified formed viable fetuses on the 15th day of gestation as compared to 47% in the controls. The incidence of chromosomally aneuploid zygotes, derived from cryopreserved oocytes, was approximately threefold higher than the controls irrespective of whether the oocytes were cryopreserved by vitrification or DMSO slow-freezing. Malformed fetuses were obtained from oocytes that had been vitrified as well as those that had been exposed to vitrification solutions only, whereas no malformed fetuses were obtained in oocytes slow-frozen by DMSO or fresh controls--thus demonstrating that the exposure of oocytes to the vitrification chemicals was responsible for the fetal malformations. The data in this study suggest that the vitrification technique should be cautiously applied to human oocyte cryopreservation. Furthermore, the data also demonstrate that the exposure of female gametes to carcinogenic and/or teratogenic chemicals may result in malformed embryos when such oocytes are subsequently fertilized.

Aneuploidy↗
PubMed1988

Effect of ambroxol of neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro.

Ambroxol hydrochloride has been shown to protect the lung from damage by polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN). In view of this observation we have studied the effect of Ambroxol on PMN chemotaxis using a variety of chemoattractants. The PMN response was inhibited 50-80% by preincubating the cells with concentrations of 10(-4) M Ambroxol. There was no evidence of PMN killing by the drug at concentration of 10(-3) M. The results suggest that Ambroxol my have a role in the management of patients whose chronic lung damage is due to excess PMN recruitment.

Ambroxol↗
PubMed1988

Neutrophil chemotaxis in bronchiectasis: a study of peripheral cells and lung secretions.

1. Some bronchiectatic patients persistently expectorate purulent secretions containing many polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) and bacteria, suggesting ineffective microbial clearing from the lung. We have therefore studied several aspects of PMN recruitment to the lung by chemotaxis. 2. Circulating PMN from patients with bronchiectasis show a variable chemotactic response to the synthetic peptide N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine. This is similar to the response of PMN from healthy controls and suggests that failure to clear microbial organisms is not due to defective chemotaxis as measured here. 3. Purulent sputum solphase demonstrates chemotactic activity against control PMN. This activity is greater (P less than 0.001) than that found with mucoid sputum solphase, which is consistent with the neutrophil content of the secretions in vivo. 4. Successful antibiotic therapy reduces the chemotactic activity of purulent sputum solphase from a median value of 183 (range 28-201) cells/high power field to 33.5 (range 0.7-64) cells/high power field (P less than 0.0025). This indicates that the chemotactic activity is largely associated with bacterial load.

Adult↗