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Biomedical subjects

J Sepúlveda-Amor

Publications and source records attributed to J Sepúlveda-Amor.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Door-to-door vaccination as a strategy for eradication of poliomyelitis].

Due to persistence of poliomyelitis cases in the Pacific Coast of Mexico and particularly in the state of Sinaloa, a house to house vaccination strategy named "Sinaloa Operation" was carried out in 100% of the territory of this state. Sinaloa was divided in small geographical and statistical unit area (AGEB). Simultaneously, teams of nurse carried out a population census of children under five years old and pregnant women. Nurses vaccinated the children with Sabin trivalent vaccine in undiscriminating form. These activities were made in three phases. In the last phase (February 1991) 301, 441 Sabin vaccine doses were administered. This figure represents an extension of the vaccination coverage to the children of the seasonal migrant workers from other parts of the country. As a result of this programme. Sinaloa has not had any other polio case since two years ago.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

[Children and AIDS].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

HIV-1 prevalence in selected Tijuana sub-populations.

To assess the prevalence of HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus) infection among high-risk populations in Tijuana, Mexico, HIV-1 antibody status was determined and information on risk behavior was obtained from 1,069 individuals in three high-risk groups. The prevalence of HIV-1 among 415 prostitutes was 0.5 percent; 410 prisoners, 1.2 percent; 233 homosexual/bisexual men, 11.6 percent; and 106 intravenous drug abusers, 1.9 percent. The potential for spread of HIV-1 exists in Tijuana despite the current relatively low seroprevalence of HIV-1.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anemia in women of reproductive age. The results of a national probability survey].

Iron deficiency is one of the most prevalent forms of malnutrition which is clinically known as anemia. Functional consequences of anemia include impairment of cardiovascular performance, limitation in productivity, higher incidence of low birth weight and premature delivery, and increased maternal mortality. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of anemia in women of reproductive age in Mexico. Data were collected by the Ministry of Health through a National Nutrition Survey in 1988, which draw a representative sample from four regions: North, Center, South and Federal District. Anemia was more prevalent in pregnant (18.17%) than in non-pregnant women (15.38%). Those women living in predominantly indigenous communities had higher prevalence of anemia (24.02%) than non-indigenous women (14.67%). Anemia was more prevalent in urban areas (15.54%) than in rural (13.56%). Mean +/- standard deviation values for hemoglobin were lower in pregnant women (12.5 +/- 1.6 g/dL) than in non-pregnant ones (13.7 +/- 1.6 g/dL). Consistently, the Northern and Southern regions were worse off than the Center and the Federal District. These data indicate that anemia is a public health problem in Mexico. The functional consequences of this deficiency justify interventions to treat and prevent it.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Stunting and emaciation in children under 5 in distinct regions and strata in Mexico].

Data from a National Nutrition Survey conducted in 1988 in a probability sample of 13,236 households and 17,426 children under five, representative at the national level and for four regions (North, Center, South, and Mexico City), were analyzed. Risks for wasting and stunting and odds ratios were obtained by region, by district according to proportion of indigenous population and by level of urbanization, by level of education of both parents, by gender, and by various combinations of the former strata. A high risk of stunting and a low risk of wasting were found. The risk of stunting is greater in predominantly indigenous and rural districts, in the South and Center, and in families of mothers with low education and poor housing conditions. The results can be used for food and nutrition policy planning and for targeting nutrition intervention programs.

Anthropometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Identification of Vibrio cholerae O1 by flow cytometry].

A total of 72 peptonated water samples suspected of carrying Vibrio cholerae were assessed by laser flow cytometry (LFC) and compared with positive culture. We used a direct fluorescence technique using polyclonal (PolAb) and monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) conjugated to fluorescein. The PolAb were able to detect 33 positive samples. A clear difference among the 20 positive samples was found with only three V. cholerae O1 false negatives when MoAb were used whereas all 13 V. cholerae Non O1 samples were detected. The correlation index comparing control autofluorescence with peptonated water samples show a R = 0.69, versus 0.96 with pure V. cholerae O1 strains. Our data suggest that the LFC technique is able to recognize V. cholerae O1 from a mixture of microorganisms with high sensitivity and specificity in a few hours.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiology and etiology of infectious diarrheas. The case of Mexico].

Gastrointestinal infections represent a health problem. It is estimated that 1647 million cases of diarrhea and 3.2 million deaths due to this cause occur among children less than five years of age per year. Those belonging to this age group have 15 times more risk of dying because of diarrhea. Cases of liquid acute diarrhea with blood represent 80% of cases, diarrhea with blood represent 10%. Most frequent causes of liquid diarrhea are enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotaviruses and most frequent causes of bloody diarrhea are Shigella, E. coli (EHEC and EPEC). Campylobacter jejuni and Entamoeba histolytica. Annually 15,000 cases of typhoid fever are reported that continue being a public health problem. A negative correlation has been observed between the use of oral rehydration and infant mortality due to diarrhea. After prevention and control measures for cholera, a decrease in morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea has been observed. However, to reduce mortality due to this cause, it is necessary to treat the cases of acute dysentery and persistent diarrhea as well as to increase coverage of health care, to standardize the studies of etiology of diarrhea in Mexico, to establish surveillance centers for the study of diarrhea that give information on the distribution, frequency and trends of microbial agents and to achieve standardized microbiological and parasitological studies of etiology of diarrhea that support public health interventions as vaccination and selective administration of antibiotics.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Private medicine in Mexico: the results of the National Census of Private Hospital Units].

A census of private health establishments was carried out by the Secretary of Health, in order to quantify its resources and to describe their geographical distribution. The census, conducted in 1994, was limited to private units which offered hospitalization services, and the reference period was the previous year. Results showed that there are 2,723 private hospitalization units in Mexico, and nearly a half of the units are concentrated in the Federal District, and the states of Mexico, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Baja California and Veracruz. The number of private hospitalization beds registered in the country are 33,937, these figures indicate that private medicine is the main hospital care provider in the national health system. Similar results were obtained regarding other material and human resources. It is important to stress the need for further research regarding the role of private medicine in Mexico, including aspects related to the quality of the services being provided.

Data Collection↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Tuberculosis and AIDS in Mexico].

Tuberculosis (TB) still is an important health problem in Mexico. According to reported figures, an excess in the number of cases has occurred during recent years, mainly among young adults of both sexes. The present estimated rate of TB is 51.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants. This is the most frequent endemic infection among AIDS patients, ranking third among infectious diseases after candidiasis and P. carinii pneumoniae. A total of 8.3% of the 19,352 AIDS cases notified to July 1994, presented TB as the initial manifestation. According to sentinel surveillance carried out since 1990 in 17 states, HIV seroprevalence among TB patients has been 3.1% (0-6.5%) in males and 1.0% (0-2.3%) in females. Results of epidemiologic research in the field of TB prevention and characteristics of drug sensitivity of strains of M. tuberculosis isolated from HIV/AIDS patients are also described. Finally, perspectives of TB prevention and control are discussed.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The HIV/AIDS epidemic and women in Mexico].

This study presents an analysis of AIDS cases and seroprevalence of HIV infection among Mexican women, from the onset of the epidemic through June 1994, as well as the analysis of the social and cultural factors that put women in a powerless situation regarding the adoption of preventive measures. Since 1985, when the first AIDS cases among women were reported in Mexico and until June 1, 1994, a total of 2,767 cases have been reported, representing 14.8% of the total number of cases. The first cases of AIDS among women were associated to infected blood transfusions; however, in 1986, heterosexually transmitted cases began to appear. Currently, only 35% of newly reported AIDS cases are associated to blood transfusions while 64% of them are related to heterosexual transmission. In fact, two epidemics are evident: one transmitted through blood, showing a downward trend (duplication time 45 months), and a second one, heterosexually transmitted, increasing twice as fast (duplication time 27 months). The latter is expected to dominate AIDS epidemiology among women in the future. In general, women are more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS biologically, but also socially and culturally. Women's economic, social and cultural subordination to their sexual partners results in a situation that makes it difficult for them to assess their infection risk and even more, to negotiate taking preventive measures. This situation is even more disadvantageous to rural women and, together with the recent trend of the AIDS epidemic to ruralization and with internal and international migration (temporary work force migration to the USA), can result in deep demographic and social effects. We conclude that it is necessary to work on the design and assessment of preventive measures under women's control, that empower them to protect themselves even without their partner's awareness. Also, it is necessary to promote sexual education among young heterosexual couples on how to talk about sexual issues and negotiate the use of preventive measure according to their actual sexual practices.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The strategy for preventing HIV/AIDS transmission via the blood and its derivatives in Mexico].

This study presents blood-associated AIDS epidemic trends in Mexico, including cases due to blood transfusions, cases in professional blood donors and hemophiliacs. We present also an overview of preventive measures--both legal and educative--undertaken to prevent this type of transmission and its effects on the epidemic. The first blood-associated AIDS cases in Mexico were reported in 1985, since then and up to July 1, 1994 a total of 1,728 adult cases and 116 pediatric cases have been reported (12.3% and 25% of the total cases, respectively). As in many other parts in the world, in Mexico women were markedly affected by this form of transmission; the women to men morbidity ratio is 1.35. Another group particularly affected by AIDS in Mexico are professional blood donors, who were infected because of improper management and recycling of blood transfusion centers bank materials such as plasmapheresis sets, in some blood transfusion centers in our country. Blood screening is mandatory for all blood donors in Mexico since May, 1986. A year later blood commercialization was banned because of the extremely high HIV infection prevalences found in some professional blood donors (7.2%). Since that time a whole set of preventive measures has been implemented in our country, including blood quality and safety control as well as educative interventions. Results of these measures began to become evident by the end of 1991, when newly reported blood associated AIDS cases started to decrease, as opposed to their continuous growth seen in previous years. Up to July 1, 1994 we estimate that a total of 2,750 AIDS cases have been prevented through these measures, recovering an average of 36 years of potential life for each of them. Although blood transmission preventive measures have rendered significant achievements, we still have to face some very complex challenges such as potential ruralization of the epidemic and its impact on HIV infection prevalences among potential blood donors and therefore the need to ensure blood screening in rural areas.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗