Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J S Kendrick

Publications and source records attributed to J S Kendrick.

48 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Postmenopausal smoking, estrogen replacement therapy, and the risk of endometrial cancer.

Previous studies of the association between cigarette smoking and endometrial cancer have yielded inconsistent results. There is some evidence that this discrepancy may be explained by differences in menopausal status between the groups of women studied. We addressed the issue of the effects of postmenopausal smoking on endometrial cancer risk using data from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a multicenter, population-based, case-control study of gynecologic cancers in the United States. We found that smoking after natural menopause is associated with a 70% reduced risk of endometrial cancer among estrogen users and a 50% reduced risk among nonusers of estrogen. These findings are consistent with previously proposed biologic effects of smoking on estrogen metabolism, which may have important clinical implications.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Unintended laparotomy associated with laparoscopic tubal sterilization.

Although the complication rate for laparoscopic tubal sterilization is generally low, laparotomy is sometimes necessary to complete the sterilization or manage complications. To better characterize factors that predispose women to unintended laparotomy, we analyzed data from the Collaborative Review of Sterilization. Of the 5027 women undergoing laparoscopic tubal sterilization, 12 had unintended laparotomies to manage complications, whereas 39 women had unintended laparotomies because of technical inability to complete the laparoscopic procedure. Women with prior abdominal or pelvic surgery had an increased risk of unintended laparotomy (relative risk = 10.2, 95% confidence interval = 5.3 to 19.7). Women with a history of intrauterine device use or pelvic inflammatory disease had elevated risks that were not statistically significant (relative risk = 2.2 and 1.5, respectively). Comparative studies of alternative surgical approaches for tubal sterilization are needed to formulate recommendations for women who may be at increased risk of unintended laparotomy associated with the laparoscopic approach.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Cigarette smoking and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.

Cigarette smoking may affect each of the currently proposed mechanisms of ovarian carcinogenesis. Whether cigarette smoking has any effect on the development of ovarian cancer has not been adequately evaluated. To study this issue, the authors examined data from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study, a multicenter, case-control study of gynecologic cancers conducted between December 1, 1980, and December 31, 1982, in eight geographic areas of the United States. This analysis utilized data on 494 women with newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer and 4,238 population-based control women 20-54 years of age. There was no association of epithelial ovarian cancer with dose of cigarette smoking, age smoking started, time since smoking started, or time since smoking last occurred. Simultaneous adjustment for age, parity, history of oral contraceptive use, and other potentially confounding factors did not alter these results.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease.

Our review focuses on all articles in the English language that provide sufficient data to calculate a relative risk or odds ratio for CHD at different levels of physical activity. The inverse association between physical activity and incidence of CHD is consistently observed, especially in the better designed studies; this association is appropriately sequenced, biologically graded, plausible, and coherent with existing knowledge. Therefore, the observations reported in the literature support the inference that physical activity is inversely and causally related to the incidence of CHD. The two most important observations in this review are, first, better studies have been more likely than poorer studies to report an inverse association between physical activity and the incidence of CHD and, second, the relative risk of inactivity appears to be similar in magnitude to that of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking. These observations suggest that in CHD prevention programs, regular physical activity should be promoted as vigorously as blood pressure control, dietary modification to lower serum cholesterol, and smoking cessation. Given the large proportion of sedentary persons in the United States (91), the incidence of CHD attributable to insufficient physical activity is likely to be surprisingly large. Therefore, public policy that encourages regular physical activity should be pursued.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Complications of vasectomies in the United States.

Physicians in the United States were surveyed in 1983 to gather information concerning the number of vasectomies they performed in 1982 as well as their use of anesthesia and complications of those vasectomies. Most urologists performed vasectomies, whereas family physicians and general surgeons were less likely to do so. As expected, most physicians used local anesthesia, occasionally in combination with a sedative; however, 22 percent of physicians reported using general anesthesia for at least some vasectomies. Complication rates were in the ranges reported by previous case series. Physicians who performed between one and ten vasectomies in 1982 had higher rates of hematoma and hospitalization for treatment of a complication than physicians who performed more vasectomies. Maintenance of surgical skills appears to be important in preventing complications of this usually low-risk procedure.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1986

Vasectomies performed by private physicians, United States, 1980 to 1984.

Using data from the National Disease and Therapeutic Index, we estimated that between 1980 and 1984, 1.9 X 10(6) U.S. men had vasectomies. Men between the ages of 30 and 39 years, and white men, were more likely than others to undergo the procedure. Further national data on this popular procedure are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Hysterectomy performed within 1 year after tubal sterilization.

In the United States, approximately 650,000 women of reproductive age undergo tubal sterilization each year and some of these women later have hysterectomies. Little is known about risk factors for having hysterectomy after tubal sterilization. For examination of this issue, we analyzed data from the Collaborative Review of Sterilization, an ongoing multicenter prospective study designed to assess the safety and efficacy of female sterilization operations. In 1979 and 1980, 4002 women 15 to 44 years of age had interval tubal sterilization; of these women, 64 had hysterectomies within 15 months, which yielded a cumulative incidence of 1.6%. Women with a history of menstrual complaints, leiomyomata, ovarian cysts, or endometriosis before their tubal sterilization had an increased risk of hysterectomy, compared with women without such a history. However, 98% of women with a history of these conditions did not have a hysterectomy within 15 months after tubal sterilization. Further follow-up of these women should help to better delineate their long-term risks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Characteristics of vasectomies performed in selected outpatient facilities in the United States, 1980.

In 1981 the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists and the Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control, jointly conducted a study of vasectomies performed in outpatient facilities in 1980 in the United States. One hundred twenty-nine facilities that responded to either a mailed questionnaire or a telephone interview stated that vasectomies were performed there in 1980. The average cost was $273, with a range of $50-1,000. Facilities differed markedly in the use of anesthesia. Freestanding surgical centers reported the use of general anesthesia for 29% of the vasectomies. Other types of facilities were more likely to use local or regional anesthesia. Our data suggest areas for further research to improve the availability and safety of vasectomy.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Community-based exercise intervention: Zuni Diabetes Project.

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is a serious health problem among the Zuni Indians of New Mexico. In July 1983, Indian Health Service personnel initiated a community-based exercise program designed to help control NIDDM in the community. To retrospectively evaluate the effects of the exercise program, the medical records of 30 participants with NIDDM were compared with the medical records of 56 nonparticipants with NIDDM matched by age, sex, health-care provider, and duration of NIDDM. From 1 July 1983 through 1 October 1985, participants had a mean weight loss of 4 kg, whereas nonparticipants had a mean weight loss of 0.9 kg (P less than .05). Participants' fasting blood glucose values dropped by a mean of 43 mg/dl, compared to a mean drop of 2 mg/dl among the nonparticipants (P less than .05). Participants were significantly more likely than nonparticipants to have stopped their hypoglycemic medication (relative risk 4.2) and to have decreased their medication dosage (relative risk 2.2). These results suggest that participation in a community-based exercise program can produce significant weight loss and improvement in glycemic control among a group of Native Americans with NIDDM.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Outrunning the risks: a behavioral risk profile of runners.

There is a need to assess better the relationship between physical activity and other health behaviors through population-based studies. Using the state-based Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, we examined the behavioral risk factors of smoking, alcohol use, hypertension detection, obesity, seat-belt use, and physical activity in 2,412 runners and 26,538 nonrunners. Our analyses demonstrated marked differences in behavioral risk profiles between runners and nonrunners. Runners, regardless of the amount of running, were more likely to be nonsmokers, be of normal weight, be normotensive, and regularly use seat belts than were nonrunners of similar age and sex. Patterns of alcohol use were not different when comparing male runners with male nonrunners. However, female runners were more likely to drink and drive and to use alcohol on a chronic basis compared to their nonrunning counterparts. The "runner's lifestyle" may convey a certain level of protection from chronic disorders that are associated with these risk factors. However, further prospective studies are needed to examine in more detail the relationship of running to the risks and/or benefits for improved health.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regulation of the assembly and secretion of very low density lipoproteins by the liver.

Recent studies have suggested that there are three sites at which VLDL secretion by the liver may be controlled: (i) Newly synthesised apo-B either remains associated with the RER membrane and is degraded by the ubiquitin/proteasome system, or is translocated into the lumen and incorporated into lipid poor VLDL precursors; (ii) the lumenal apo-B is either degraded or moves on, and (iii) acquires the remaining VLDL lipids in the SER/cis-Golgi. Newly synthesised apo-B, at the cytosolic side of the RER, is stabilised and protected from degradation by the chaperone protein, hsp-70. Triacylglycerol, cholesterol ester and phospholipids have all been implicated in the translocation of apo-B and microsomal triglyceride protein plays a major role. If translocation does not occur then the apo-B is degraded. Dietary fish-oils, but not sunflower oil, inhibit movement of apo-B containing precursors from the RER and their assembly with lipids and target lumenal apo-B to degradation. This effect is reversed by inhibition of lumenal proteolysis, but not by inhibition of cytosolic proteolysis. Therefore lumenal degradation of apo-B and secretion appear to be in balance, so that if assembly of VLDL precursors is slowed, then degradation becomes predominant. If however, degradation is inhibited then VLDL assembly can proceed. These observations suggest that movement of VLDL precursors from the RER lumen to the second stage of assembly may be a further regulated step.

Animals↗