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Biomedical subjects

J S Haight

Publications and source records attributed to J S Haight.

51 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

A computed tomographic study of nasal mucosa: effects of vasoactive substances.

Computed tomographic studies of mucosal responses to vasoactive substances (xylometazoline and histamine) in healthy nasal cavities of adult subjects demonstrate the distribution of erectile mucosa. Following artificial congestion of the mucosa by local application of histamine: (1) the middle turbinate and the body of the inferior turbinate limit the main nasal airway as it passes through the middle meatus; (2) an expanded mass of localized erectile tissue in the anterior septal region bars the entrance to middle meatus and intrudes medially into the narrow airway of the piriform aperture and nasal valve; (3) this critical segment of the airway is further limited by forward extension of the anterior tip of the inferior turbinate.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1983

Nasal responses to local unilateral stimuli in man.

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a feedback loop relaying information on the patency of one nasal cavity might be processed by the central nervous system to modify the vascular engorgement of the other, thereby minimizing total airflow resistance alterations during the nasal cycle. Histamine and xylometazoline were used to alter the degree of mucosal swelling and a cotton plug to alter airflow, in one nasal cavity and resistance measurements were made from its fellow. No changes in the latter were observed. It was concluded that this feedback arc does not exist.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Respiratory resistance of the oral airway.

Oral resistance to respiratory airflow was measured in 5 healthy adult subjects with nasal airways occluded. Measurements were made by means of a minimally invasive plethysmographic computer-aided technique that avoided interference from a face mask or an artificial oral airway. Oral resistance ws found to be similar to that of the normal nasal airway in subjects at rest. As with nasal resistance, oral resistance decreased with increasing exercise. Four different oral airways that are used in pulmonary function testing reduced oral respiratory airflow resistance from a mean of 1.7 cm H2O/L/s to 0.2, 0.3, 0.3, and 0.5 cm H2O/L/s, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Ménière's disease associated with serous retinopathy.

A case history is presented of a patient suffering from classical Ménière's disease who concurrently developed central serous retinopathy. On review, these conditions are found to have several features in common and on the basis of the changes seen by fluorescein angiography in the eye, an hypothesis is presented for the development of endolymphatic hydrops.

Edema↗
PubMed1973

Elevation in set point for body temperature regulation after prolonged exercise.

1. In nine healthy men, after prolonged exercise (approximately 37 km walk and 2.5 km ascent and descent in 9 hr) deep body temperature at rest stabilized at a higher level than in the absence of previous exercise.2. The increase, approximately 0.36 degrees C, was recorded at both oral and rectal sites. It persisted while the subjects rested in warm and in cool surroundings, and disappeared about 11 hr after the end of exercise.3. The increase in body temperature after exercise was accompanied by a similar increase in the body temperature at which sweating started during body heating.4. After exercise the subjects' metabolic response to cold air (13.6 degrees C) was normal or increased in spite of the elevation in body temperature.5. Blood glucose concentration was never lower than 3.1 mM during these experiments.6. The temperature changes are most easily explained by mild pyrexia due to the release of endogenous pyrogen associated with minor tissue damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

Failure of thermoregulation in the cold during hypoglycaemia induced by exercise and ethanol.

1. After young men had exercised for approximately 2 hr at 70% maximum O(2) uptake, and taken 28 ml. ethanol by mouth, their mean blood glucose fell to 2.17 mM. It fell further to 1.77 mM during a 30 min exposure to air at 14.5 degrees C. Plasma lactate, glycerol, beta-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acid concentrations increased.2. Rectal temperature fell to reach a mean level of 34.49 degrees C by the end of the cold exposure; oesophageal temperature fell to as low as 33.00 degrees C in one case.3. Virtually no increase in metabolic rate and no visible shivering occurred during the cold exposure.4. Administration of glucose (mean 60.4 g) prevented the falls in temperature, and restored metabolic response to the cold to the size found in control experiments without exercise or ethanol.5. Neither exercise without ethanol or ethanol without exercise significantly lowered the blood glucose or impaired the maintenance of body temperature in the cold.6. One obese subject showed almost as great a fall in blood glucose and depression of metabolic response to cold as the thinner men, but no fall in body temperature.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nitric oxide in the nasal airway: a new dimension in otorhinolaryngology.

The discovery that the gas nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system earned its Nobel prize in 1998. NO has since been found to play important roles in a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in the body including vasoregulation, hemostasis, neurotransmission, immune defense, and respiration. The surprisingly high concentrations of NO in the nasal airway and paranasal sinuses has important implications for the field of otorhinolaryngology. NO provides a first-line defense against micro-organisms through its antiviral and antimicrobial activity and by its upregulation of ciliary motility. Nasal treatments such as polypectomy, sinus surgery, removal of hypertrophic adenoids and tonsils, and treatment of allergic rhinitis may alter NO output and, therefore, the microbial colonization of the upper airways. Nasal surgery aimed at relieving nasal obstruction may do the same but would also be expected to improve pulmonary function in patients with asthma and upper airway obstruction. NO output rises in a number of conditions associated with chronic airway inflammation, but not all of them. Concentrations are increased in asthma, allergic rhinitis, and viral respiratory infections, but reduced in sinusitis, cystic fibrosis, primary ciliary dysfunction, chronic cough, and after exposure to tobacco and alcohol. Therefore, NO, similar to several other inflammatory mediators, probably subserves different functions as local conditions dictate. At present, it seems that the measurement of NO in the upper airway may prove valuable as a simple, noninvasive diagnostic marker of airway pathologies. The objective of this review is to highlight some aspects of the origin, physiology, and functions of upper airway NO, and to discuss the particular methodological problems that result from the complex anatomy.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Posture and the nasal cycle.

The experiments reported in this communication show that the spontaneous nasal cycle of airflow resistances, which alternates between cavities of seated subjects, persists in healthy young adults standing, supine, and laterally recumbent. In addition, persistence of the cycle was recorded throughout 24-hour periods of unrestricted light activity, rest, and recumbency. Recumbency was found to augment amplitude of the cycle, yet resistance of the combined nasal cavities showed little change to accompany daytime activity or nocturnal sleeping postures. In subjects with normal noses, resistance remained similar to that of upright subjects in the range of 2 to 3 cm of H2O/L/s. By contrast, noses with fixed unilateral obstruction showed high cyclical resistances of the combined nasal cavities. The importance of the cycle in rhinoscopic assessment, nasal airway obstruction, and breathing disorders of sleep is discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Radiation-induced carcinoma in a hemangioma.

A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in repeatedly irradiated buccal hemangioma is reported, and the surgical techniques used in reconstructing the cheek and lips are described.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nasal nitric oxide is not altered by topical anesthesia.

This prospective study was undertaken to determine whether topical nasal anesthetic agents affect nasal nitric oxide (NO) output in healthy adults. Seven volunteers (aged: 29-56 (40.6 +/- 10.7) years, six male), were recruited. A topical anesthetic (4% lidocaine or 0.5% tetracaine) was sprayed into the subject's right nostril while the left nostril served as a control. Unilateral nasal NO and nasal volume were measured before administration of the anesthetic and at 15 and 30 minutes after the administration. The mean (+/- SD) unilateral nasal NO output was 307 +/- 45.9 nL/minute from the right nostril (exposure side) before the topical application of lidocaine. At 30 minutes after topical application (n = 6), it was 295.5 +/- 41.5 in the right nostril and 297.5 +/- 39.8 in the left (control side). In the tetracaine group (n = 7), the mean (+/- SD) unilateral nasal NO output was 302 +/- 53.3 before the administration and 307 +/- 39.7 at 30 minutes after the administration in the right nostril. The mean NO output in the left nostril at 30 minutes after the administration was 297.7 +/- 40.75. In neither group was there any significant difference in nasal NO output between either the pre- and postlocal anesthetic application on the exposure side (Group 1, P = 0.76; group 2, P = 0.41) or the two nostrils after topical anesthesia application (group 1, P = 0.83; group 2, P = 0.62). Topical anesthesia with either lidocaine or tetracaine does not alter nasal NO output. NO measurement should not be affected in circumstances that require topical anesthesia of the nasal cavity.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nasal nitric oxide is independent of nasal cavity volume.

This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between nasal nitric oxide (NO) and changes in nasal cavity volume resulting from the topical application of xylometazoline and saline and between upright and supine posture. Nasal NO was measured using a fixed high flow technique that avoids contamination with lower airways NO. In nine healthy subjects nasal NO concentration was measured by a rapid response chemiluminescent analyzer. A tapered tube was inserted in one nostril, into which room air was insufflated to produce a constant flow of 100 mL/second; another tube was inserted into the opposite nostril for NO sampling (air exit side). Subjects were instructed to keep the vellum closed while NO was sampled through a sideport connected to the analyzer. Nasal cavity volume was measured by acoustic rhinometry from a segment of the acoustic pathway, 2 to 5 cm from the nostril. Nasal cavity volume and NO measurements were made at baseline, 15 minutes, and 60 minutes after intervention (administration of saline 0.9%, xylometazoline or posture changes on 3 consecutive days). Xylometazoline produced a significant increase in nasal cavity volume, together with a significant reduction in NO level at 15 and 60 minutes after intervention. In addition, the change from seated to supine position decreased the total nasal volume significantly, but without changes in nasal NO. No correlation was found between the magnitudes of changes in nasal NO and the changes in nasal volume. Topical application of xylomethazoline resulted in increased nasal cavity volume and reduced NO output. In contrast to previous published reports, a technique using high flow rate insufflation demonstrated an abscence of correlation between the magnitudes of changes in nasal NO and nasal cavity volume brought about by decongestant, saline, or posture.

Acoustic Stimulation↗