Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J S Garrow

Publications and source records attributed to J S Garrow.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Voluntary food intake during prolonged exercise in obese women.

The effect of 57 days of moderate physical activity on the energy intake and balance of three obese women (187% of ideal weight) was investigated in a metabolic balance study. Food was offered in extra quantity, prepared in a palatable but simple fashion, and intake was covertly monitored. Expenditure was measured using the factorial method and indirect calorimetry done every 3 to 4 days. After a 5-day evaluation phase which no exercise was done, individual treadmill assignments were given to subjects to increase daily expenditure to 125% of sedentary levels. Mean dialy intake (1903 kcal/day) and expenditure (2882 kcal/day) did not change with time. As a result, negative energy balance was obtained and sustained. A consistent rate of weight loss (0.12 kg/day) at a reasonable cost (8200 kcal/kg)occurred. Therefore, obese women doing long-term moderate exercise do not compensate by an increase in caloric intake. This can produce a negative caloric balance when exercise is coupled with ad libitum selection of ordinary foods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Prediction of energy requirements of obese patients after massive weight loss.

A regression analysis was made of resting metabolic rate on weight and body composition in 140 women with varying degrees of obesity. In 19 severely obese women before weight loss, average resting metabolic rate was 290 ml O2/min, or 4 per cent higher than predicted from the regression equation. After losing 30 kg in one year the average metabolic rate of this group was 234 ml O2/min, 1 per cent higher than that predicted for their reduced weight. Women whose metabolic rate was high or low relative to prediction before weight loss tended to maintain this status after weight loss (P less than 0.05). There is a close relation between resting metabolic rate and total energy expenditure. We conclude that there is a reduction in energy requirements for weight maintenance after massive weight loss, but the requirements of obese patients after weight loss are similar to those of people of comparable weight who have not reduced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Female fat distribution-a simple classification based on two circumference measurements.

An alternative to the fat distribution (FD) score based on photographic measurements is constructed by discriminant analysis based on waist and thigh circumferences: Fat distribution (circumference) score (CFD score) = 29 log10 (waist circumference-36 log10 (thigh circumference)+10.5. The CFD score shows a correlation of 0.88 with the FD score over 54 female subjects, and can be used instead of, but not interchangeably with, the FD score to classify female fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1982

The effect of increasing the relative cost of palatable food with respect to ordinary food on total-energy intake of eight obese inpatients.

1. It has been suggested that obese subjects have a greater relative preference for palatable foods than lean subjects. 2. The food intake of eight obese subjects was measured using an automated food dispensing machine. 3. Subjects ate ad libitum for the first three days from a range of acceptable foods predetermined by questionnaire. 4. On the next three days the food which subjects chose most frequently ('palatable' food) was priced at a level such that if the subjects maintained their intake of that food they were forced to reduce their total energy intake by 50 per cent, but the subjects were able to obtain food sufficient to maintain their energy intake only if they ate exclusively food rated as 'ordinary'. 5. On this differential fixed price schedule the obese subjects reduced total energy intake to a small extent (20 per cent) whereas their intake of palatable food was reduced to a larger extent (65 per cent). Thus obese subjects relatively defended energy intake at the expense of palatability. Hunger and appetite ratings did not differ from each other throughout the study.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The effect of covert changes in energy density of preloads on subsequent ad libitum energy intake in lean and obese human subjects.

1. Covert changes in energy intake were made by giving preloads of disguised energy density three times daily to 14 obese and 6 lean subjects. 2. The preloads contained 2.51 MJ (600 kcal)/d on days 2 and 3 and either 3.77 MJ (900 kcal)/d or 1.26 MJ (300 kcal/d) on days 4 and 5 and 1.26 MJ (300 kcal)/d or 3.77 MJ (900 kcal)/d on days 6 and 7. The order of testing was alternated for each subject. 3. Subsequent energy intake at each meal (lunch, dinner and breakfast) was measured with an automated food-dispensing machine. 4. Overall the obese subjects ate significantly less from the machine, 3.28 +/- 1.89 MJ (785 +/- 452 kcal)/d, than the lean subjects, 6.03 +/- 1.26 MJ (1442 +/- 300 kcal)/d. 5. Both groups of subjects adjusted their energy intake in the right direction to counterbalance the effect of the preloads but the lean subjects changed their intake by an average of 0.74 MJ (176 kcal)/d compared with the obese subjects who changed their intake by an average of 0.29 MJ (70 kcal)/d. 6. Although the lean subjects were better at adjusting their energy intake than the obese subjects, regulation was still imprecise relative to the 2.51 MJ (600 kcal)/d difference in energy intake that was imposed. 7. There were no significant differences in hunger or appetite between subjects or test situations.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Maintenance of weight loss in obese patients after jaw wiring.

In treatment of obesity restriction of food intake is necessary to achieve good results. Various operations have been devised to prevent patients overeating, but in this study jaw wiring was used to limit food intake. This procedure produces weight loss in obese patients but when the wires are removed the weight is usually regained. This report studied a group of patients whose weight loss was maintained after the wires were removed. A nylon cord fastened round the waist of the patient after weight reduction was found to act as a psychological barrier to weight gain. Seven patients were followed for 4-14 months after removal of jaw wires and regained a mean of only 5.6 kg of the 31.8 kg lost while their jaws were wired. This procedure compares favourably with other treatments for severe obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

The effect of meal frequency and protein concentration on the composition of the weight lost by obese subjects.

1. Nitrogen balance, weight loss and resting metabolic rate were measured in thirty-eight obese inpatients on 3.4 MJ (800 kcal)/d diets over 3 weeks. 2. All subjects were fed on 13% protein-energy in three meals/d for the first week. 3. In weeks 2 or 3, using a cross-over design, ten subjects were fed on 15 or 10% protein-energy as three meals/d; fourteen subjects were fed on five or one meal/d with 13% protein-energy; and fourteen subjects were fed on 15% protein-energy as five meals/d or 10% protein-energy as one meal/d. 4. N loss was least on the high-protein week and frequent-meal week: the largest difference was found when these effects were combined (P less than 0.001). 5. When protein-energy was held constant at 13% N loss decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) between week 2 and 3, but when the protein-energy was manipulated there was no significant N conservation in the third week. This suggests that the protein:energy value is more important than meal frequency in the preservation of lean tissue. 6. Weight loss was also least on the 'high-protein' week and 'frequent-meal' week, but this result reached significance only when the effects were combined (P less than 0.05). 7. Resting metabolic rate decreased with time but was not significantly altered by the dietary regimens. 8. Therefore, during the first 3 weeks at an intake of 3.4 MJ/d, a diet with a high-protein concentration, fed as frequent small meals, is associated with better preservation of lean tissue than an isoenergetic diet with lower-protein concentration fed as fewer meals. There was no evidence that meal frequency or protein concentration affect the rate of fat loss.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The Harrow Slimming Club: analysis of the results obtained in 249 members of a self-financing, non-profit-making group.

Between January 1977 and August 1979 there have been 14 courses at the Harrow Slimming Club--a non-profit-making group run by the Harrow Health District using local authority premises, and with trained dietitians as course counsellors. The administrative structure, recruitment procedures and dietary advice are described. The 249 course members were typically moderately-obese middle-aged women, but there was a wide range in both age and in severity of obesity. During the initial ten-week course the average attendance was 7.1 sessions per person, and the average weight loss was 4.4 kg. Members who attended more regularly showed greater weight losses. Those members who attended regularly were eligible to join follow-up courses, and 110 members took this option. The average attendance at follow-up was 9.2 sessions per person with a small further weight loss, but again there was wide variation about this average figure. The results compare very favourably with those obtained either by commercial slimming clubs or hospital obesity clinics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The effect of addition of exercise to a regime of dietary restriction on weight loss, nitrogen balance, resting metabolic rate and spontaneous physical activity in three obese women in a metabolic ward.

Three obese women were studied for periods of 12-13 weeks while on a constant reducing diet (800 kcal/day) in a metabolic ward. Body weight and nitrogen balance were measured throughout the study and patients kept continuous diary card records of their physical activity. Fasting resting metabolic (BMR) was measured twice weekly using a ventilated hood apparatus. Each patient acted as her own control by alternatively exercising (2 h/d on a bicycle ergometer) or not exercising for consecutive 3-4 week periods. Rate of weight loss was not increased by this level of exercise over the 3-4 week periods. This surprising result could not be explained by a decreased nitrogen loss since nitrogen balance was not significantly affected by the exercise, not could it be explained by a compensatory decrease in subsequent energy expenditure since BMR and spontaneous activity was not measurably affected by the exercise. However, since exercise increases muscle glycogen stores it may have been this effect which negated the expected increase in weight loss during ther exercise programme.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Predisposition to obesity.

65 women whose build ranged from normal to grossly obese were investigated to test the hypothesis that obese people, especially those with a genetic predisposition to obesity (manifest by early onset and family history of obesity), have a low energy expenditure. For the group as a whole, resting metabolic rate was related to obesity index, but the age of onset and family history of obesity had no effect on this relationship. The findings suggest that a familial predisposition to obesity is more likely to relate to energy intake than to energy expenditure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Factors influencing the composition of the weight lost by obese patients on a reducing diet.

1. Weight loss, resting metabolic rate and nitrogen loss were measured in forty obese inpatients on reducing diets. 2. Five subjects ate 3.55 MJ/d for 6 weeks (Expt 1). Twenty-one subjects ate 4.2 MJ/d for the first week, 2.0 MJ/d for the second week and 4.2 MJ/d for the third week (Expt 2). Fourteen subjects ate 3.4 MJ/d for the first week and then 0.87 MJ protein or carbohydrate for the second or third weeks, using a cross-over design for alternate patients (Expt 3). 3. Patients in Expt 1 had highest weight loss and N loss in the first 2 weeks, but adapated to the energy restriction over the remaining weeks. On average subjects were in N balance at the end of the study. 4. In Expt 2 patients eating 2.0 MJ/d in week 2 showed increased weight loss compared with week 1. N loss was not raised but it failed to decrease as it had in Expt 1. Weight loss and N loss were reduced on return to 4.2 MJ/d for a third week. 5. In Expt 3 patients eating 0.87 MJ protein showed significantly more weight loss and less N loss than patients eating 0.87 MJ carbohydrate. 6. Resting metabolic rate decreased with time on the low-energy diet, but the manipulations of energy or protein content did not significantly affect the pattern of decrease. 7. Both weight loss and N loss were greater the lower the energy intake, and both decreased with time. Diets with a high protein:energy value give a favourable value for N:weight loss at each level of energy intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Wholemeal bread and satiety.

Ten normal volunteers were offered unlimited amounts of bread, butter and jam at midday on four successive Tuesdays: on two days the bread was white (70 per cent extraction flour) and on the other two days it was wholemeal (100 per cent extraction flour). Contrary to previous reports, there was no significant effect of the type of bread on the quantity or type of nutrient intake at the meal, or in the subsequent 24 hours.

Adult↗