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Biomedical subjects

J S Brook

Publications and source records attributed to J S Brook.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Toddler adjustment: impact of parents' drug use, personality, and parent-child relations.

The intercorrelations among parents' drug use, personality, and parent-child relations and the child's anxious/regressive and reflective behaviors were investigated in a sample of 2-year-olds (N = 115). The results indicate that maternal child-rearing practices mediate the effect of maternal personality attributes on the child's intrapsychic functioning. The father's drug use had a direct influence on the child's reflective behavior. Generally, the mother's drug use, personality, and child-rearing practices were more important than the father's attributes. However, the father's drug use had a strong impact on the child when it interacted with the mother's drug use. Parental differences and implications for prevention are discussed.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1996

Young adult drug use and delinquency: childhood antecedents and adolescent mediators.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were (1) to examine the childhood, early adolescent, and late adolescent predictors of young adult drug use and delinquency; and (2) to explore the effects of drug use on delinquent behavior. METHOD: Data were gathered during the course of a 20-year longitudinal study of children representative of the Northeast. Data were gathered on childhood aggression, early and late adolescent drug use and delinquency, and young adult drug use and delinquency. RESULTS: Overall, the results were consistent with our proposed model. Childhood aggression had an adverse effect on young adult drug use and female deviant behavior. Drug use and delinquency during early and late adolescence served as the mediator between childhood aggression and young adult drug use. Moreover, adolescent drug use was associated with later delinquency. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that childhood aggression was related to both young adult drug use and delinquency. Second, there was stability of drug use and delinquency between early adolescence and young adulthood. Third, drug use during early adolescence had an impact on delinquency not only in early adolescence, but also in late adolescence and young adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Childhood antecedents of adolescent personality disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the childhood antecedents of personality disorders that are diagnosed in adolescence. METHOD: A randomly selected community sample of 641 youths was assessed initially in childhood and followed longitudinally over 10 years. Childhood behavior ratings were based on maternal report; diagnoses of adolescent personality disorders were based on data obtained from both maternal and youth informants. Four composite measures of childhood behavior problems were used: conduct problems, depressive symptoms, anxiety/fear, and immaturity. Adolescent personality disorders were considered present only if the disorders persisted over a 2-year period. For all analyses, personality disorders were grouped into the three clusters (A, B, and C) of DSM-III-R. RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses indicated that all four of the putative childhood antecedents were associated with greater odds of an adolescent personality disorder 10 years later. Childhood conduct problems remained an independent predictor of personality disorders in all three clusters, even when other childhood problems were included in the same regression model. Additionally, depressive symptoms emerged as an independent predictor of cluster A personality disorders in boys, while immaturity was an independent predictor of cluster B personality disorders in girls. No moderating effects of age at time of childhood assessment were found. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the view that personality disorders can be traced to childhood emotional and behavioral disturbances and suggest that these problems have both general and specific relationships to adolescent personality functioning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Influences of parental drug use, personality, and child rearing on the toddler's anger and negativity.

How parental personality and drug use and the parent-child relationship are related to a toddler's anger and negativity was investigated. The sample consisted of 62 female and 53 male 2-year-old children and their parents. The results supported a mediational model. The father's drug use and parental personality attributes were linked to the child's anger and negativity indirectly, through the parent-child relationship. The findings indicated that maternal personality and child-rearing practices had a greater effect on the child than the paternal characteristics or the father-child relationship did. The results also suggested that the effect of one parent on the child was altered by the relationship the child had with the other parent. Implications for prevention and treatment are discussed.

Anger↗
PubMed1995

Parent drug use, parent personality, and parenting.

This study examined the relationship of parent drug use and specific parent personality traits with four indicators of the parent-child bond: affection, child-centeredness, involvement, and nonconflictual relations. The participants (N = 71) were young mothers or fathers who have participated in a longitudinal study of 1,000 children and their parents from 1975 to the present. They answered a self-administered questionnaire about themselves and their oldest child. Regression analyses indicated that the domains of parent drug use and parent personality had independent effects on most of the parent-child variables. Specific parent personality traits buffered the effect of drug use on aspects of the bond. The implications of these findings are that reducing parental drug use can have direct and positive effects on the bond and can enhance some parent personality traits, thus strengthening the bond. Protective personality characteristics can mitigate the impact of drug use on the bond.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Childhood aggression and unconventionality: impact on later academic achievement, drug use, and workforce involvement.

The interrelation of childhood aggression, unconventionality, academic orientation, work involvement, and drug use was explored. Data were obtained for the research participants when they were 5 to 10 years old. Follow-up interviews were conducted when the participants were 15 to 20 years old and again at 21 to 26 years old. Latent variable causal analysis was used, and the findings reveal long-term relations between early childhood aggression and adolescent problem behavior in the academic and occupational areas. The findings also indicate that adolescent drug use generates an early involvement with adult role behaviors, such as work at the expense of further education. Implications of the findings for prevention are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Aggression, intrapsychic distress, and drug use: antecedent and intervening processes.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the interrelation of childhood aggression, early and late adolescent intrapsychic distress, unconventionality, and drug use. METHOD: Data were obtained from the subjects when they were 5 to 10 years old. Follow-up interviews were conducted when the subjects were between 13 and 18 years old and again when they were 15 to 20 years old. RESULTS: A LISREL analysis indicated that childhood aggression was related to later intrapsychic distress, unconventionality, and drug use. There were significant pathways from childhood aggression to drug use at 15 to 20 years of age, with mediation through intrapsychic distress and unconventionality, and during adolescence there was a pathway from intrapsychic distress to unconventionality, leading to legal and subsequently illegal drug use. There was also considerable stability in intrapsychic distress, unconventionality, and drug use. CONCLUSION: Intrapsychic distress and unconventionality are important mediators of childhood aggression and adult drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Longitudinally predicting late adolescent and young adult drug use: childhood and adolescent precursors.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the childhood and adolescent personality determinants of young adult drug use. METHOD: Data were obtained on children when they were approximately 5.5 (time 1; T1), 14 (T2), 16 (T3), and 22 (T4) years of age. T2-T4 interviews of subjects and their mothers assessed child personality and behavior. At T1, 976 mothers were interviewed. The analysis was based on 734 subjects. RESULTS: Specific childhood and adolescent personality traits are related to stage of drug use in young adulthood. Regressions showed that (1) traits at T2 and T3 mediated the effect of traits at earlier ages on T4 drug use and (2) stage of drug use was stable from T3 to T4 despite controlling for personality. Significant interaction revealed two buffers weakening the effect of T3 drug use on T4 drug use. Many more T1-T3 personality traits, particularly low aggression, enhanced the effect of low T3 use on T4 use. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier findings that childhood personality is related to adolescent personality and then to drug use were extended to young adulthood. This mediational model indicates the stability of personality across development. Despite this stability, other results suggest ways to modify drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Maternal drug use, personality, child-rearing practices, and toddlers' sadness.

We investigated the influence of maternal drug use/personality attributes and child-rearing on 2-yr-olds' sadness. The sample consisted of 62 girls and 53 boys and their mothers. Analysis showed maternal parenting practices served as a mediator for the effect of the mothers' personalities on the children's feelings of sadness. Moreover, the mothers' personality traits of low interpersonal difficulty, anxiety, and depression were important in enhancing low maternal alcohol or illegal drug use, leading to less sadness in the children.

Child Rearing↗
PubMed1994

Sequence of sexual behavior and its relationship to other problem behaviors in African American and Puerto Rican adolescents.

This study examined the sequence of sexual behavior of 695 African American and 637 Puerto Rican adolescents and the relationship of this sequence to other problem behavior measures. Analyses indicated that adolescents proceed through four stages of sexual behavior: no involvement, then deep kissing, then petting, and, finally, sexual intercourse. The sequence was similar in both ethnic groups and seemed both unidimensional and cumulative. In addition, for both ethnic groups the degree of sexual involvement was significantly related to the level of drug use and to the frequency of delinquent behavior, thereby suggesting an underlying problem behavior syndrome. Directions for future research are suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Coping with AIDS and the threat of AIDS in intravenous drug abusers.

In this investigation of patterns of coping with AIDS or the threat of AIDS by male intravenous drug abusers (both HIV positive and HIV negative), psychosocial measures were used to study the effects of personality factors and social support. Correlational analyses and multiple hierarchical regression analyses were used to assess the results. The pathways by which psychosocial factors affected coping differed in HIV-positive and HIV-negative subjects. A mediational model best depicted the interrelation of personality, family, and peer factors among HIV-positive subjects. Anger and rebelliousness interfered with coping among HIV-negative subjects, but not among HIV-positive subjects. This cross-sectional study provides insight into the interplay of inner personality factors and external support factors and their effects on coping ability in male intravenous drug abusers. Differences between those with HIV and those at risk for HIV infection are discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Role of mutual attachment in drug use: a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines childhood aggression, mutual attachment and later drug use. METHOD: Data on 397 children and adolescents at three points in time were collected and analyzed. Mothers and their children were individually interviewed. RESULTS: A weak parent-child mutual attachment in girls can be viewed as a consequence of childhood aggression. Moreover, mutual parent-child attachment affects later drug use through three stabilities: (1) the stability of attachment during adolescence, (2) the stability of unconventionality during adolescence, and (3) the stability of drug use during adolescence. CONCLUSION: The multiple pathway perspective on drug use poses a number of ways in which to think about interventional approaches. First, interventions may be targeted toward those risk factors showing the strongest relations with later drug use. A second mode of orientation to intervention would deal with the amenability of the target to particular interventional agents. Interventions may be geared to intraindividual characteristics or may focus more attention on familial characteristics. A third way of considering interventions, as suggested by the developmental pathways to drug use, seeks to address the temporal order of risk factors leading to drug use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The impact of mother-child interaction on the development of borderline personality disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Two major psychodynamic theories of the etiology of borderline personality disorder posit two aspects of mother-child interaction as uniquely pathogenic: maternal over-involvement with the child and mismanagement and inappropriateness of maternal guidance and support of the child. This study is an attempt to examine these putative risk factors empirically, using epidemiologic methods. METHOD: Mother-child interaction, father-child interaction, maternal personality, and adolescent diagnoses of personality disorders were measured on two occasions, 2.5 years apart, in a random sample of 776 adolescents. RESULTS: Maternal inconsistency in upbringing of the child predicted a persistence or an emergence of borderline personality disorder, but not of any other axis II disorder. However, this effect occurred only in the presence of high maternal overinvolvement. Neither maternal overinvolvement nor maternal inconsistency alone predicted emergence of borderline personality disorder. Pathological features of maternal personality did not account for the combined effect of maternal overinvolvement and inconsistency on borderline personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The two child-rearing risk factors hypothesized to be important by two psychodynamic models of borderline personality disorder were found to be pathogenic only when they coexisted. Their effect could not be accounted for by the biological or environmental vulnerability represented by maternal borderline personality traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Psychosocial risk factors for HIV transmission in male drug abusers.

We studied the psychosocial risk factors associated with Black, Hispanic, and White (N = 257) male intravenous drug abusers' needle-sharing behavior with familiar individuals and with strangers. Approximately half the subjects were HIV+. The findings supported a mediational model in that risk factors in the family domain were associated with peer and personality risk factors conducive to needle sharing that, in turn, were related to needle-sharing behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Childhood aggression, adolescent delinquency, and drug use: a longitudinal study.

The interrelation of childhood aggression, early and late adolescent delinquency, and drug use was explored. Data were obtained for the subjects when they were 5-10 years old. Follow-up interviews were conducted when the subjects were between 13-18 years old and again when they were 15-20 years old. A LISREL analysis of the three waves of data indicated that childhood aggression is a precursor of adolescent drug use and delinquency, and that early adolescent drug use is correlated with contemporaneous delinquency as well as with later drug use and delinquency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Sequences of drug involvement in African-American and Puerto Rican adolescents.

This study examined stages in drug involvement of 695 African-American and 637 Puerto Rican adolescents. Analysis indicated that adolescents progress through several stages of drug involvement: beer/wine, cigarettes or hard liquor, then marijuana, and, finally, illicit drugs other than marijuana. The sequence of drug involvement for both ethnic groups appears to be both unidimensional and cumulative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

African-American and Puerto Rican drug use: personality, familial, and other environmental risk factors.

Using a family interactional theoretical framework giving primacy to the mutual attachment between parent and child, we examined the interrelationship of acculturation, ecological factors, family, personality, peers, and drug context domains with drug use in an inner city sample. We also assessed the extent to which family protective factors mitigated against risks for drug use from most of the other domains. The sample consisted of 695 African-American and 637 Puerto Rican 7th-10th graders who answered the questionnaire while listening to it on personal tape players in their classrooms. The results of hierarchical regression analyses sufficiently supported the hypothesized sequence of interrelationships in both ethnic groups to substantiate our developmental model of drug use. We also found protective buffers common to both ethnic groups and buffers specific to each group. The implications of the results for targets and timing of intervention in the path to drug use are discussed.

Adolescent↗