Search PubMed⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

J S Bailey

Publications and source records attributed to J S Bailey.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The standard deviation as an informative measure of variability in reporting interobserver agreement means.

The range is the measure of variability typically presented with the means of interobserver agreement scores of behavioral data. However, the range by itself yields little information about the individual interobserver agreement scores before they were averaged. The standard deviation, on the other hand, is a measure of variability that provides the researcher and reader with information regarding the dispersion of scores, allowing a more thorough interpretation of the interobserver agreement mean. The case is presented for the adoption of the standard deviation as an adjunct to the range in reporting the mean of interobserver agreement scores.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1996

Effect of hatching cabinet sanitation treatments on Salmonella cross-contamination and hatchability of broiler eggs.

Four trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of hatcher air sanitation utilizing ultraviolet light (UV), ozone, or hydrogen peroxide on bacterial populations, the spread of Salmonella, and hatchability of broiler eggs. The UV light (254 nm, 146 mu W/s) and ozone (0.2 or 0.4 ppm) treatments were continuously applied through the last 3 d of hatch, the hydrogen peroxide treatment (2.5%) was administered 1 or 2 min of each 10 min at rates of 500 or 100 mL/h. Hatchability was not significantly reduced by sanitizing treatments when compared with the untreated control (94 vs 95.6%). As compared to controls, all sanitizing treatments reduced 75 to 99% of the total bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Salmonella in the hatching cabinet air samples. The use of hydrogen peroxide resulted in greater reduction of bacteria than ozone or UV light. Only hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced Salmonella levels on eggshell fragments. Significant reductions in the number of Salmonella-positive chicks occurred using the ozone and hydrogen peroxide treatments. Hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced the magnitude of Salmonella colonization in chicken ceca. These trials demonstrated that the spread of bacteria can be effectively reduced in the hatching cabinet by air sanitization using UV light, ozone, and hydrogen peroxide. The potential to reduce bacterial cross contamination in the hatcher is achievable without depressing hatchability.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1995

Campylobacter spp. in broilers on the farm and after transport.

Colonization of the ceca and contamination on carcasses of chickens by Campylobacter spp. was investigated. Samples were taken on the farm and after transport and holding. In the first set of experiments, 20 chickens, obtained from each of 10 broiler farms, were collected from houses containing 6- to 7-wk-old birds. Half of the birds were slaughtered at the farm; the other half were transported (10 birds per chicken coop) to a holding facility and killed within 16 to 18 h. The levels of Campylobacter spp. on the carcass and in the ceca were assessed. Ceca from birds in 9 of the 10 farms sampled were positive for Campylobacter spp. Colonization levels ranged from 10(4.11) to 10(7.28) cfu Campylobacter spp./g cecal matter, except on one farm, where the organism was not isolated. The mean count on the farm was 10(5.44) cfu Campylobacter spp./g cecal material, and after transport the mean was 10(6.15) cfu/g. Significant increases (P = .0085) in levels of Campylobacter spp. on the chicken carcasses occurred after transport. Levels of Campylobacter spp. enumerated from unprocessed chicken carcasses after transport averaged 10(7.11) per carcass, up from an average of 10(3.66) cfu per carcass of the farm. To further verify this observation, field trials were conducted to assess levels on carcasses before and after commercial transport. Employing five farms and 200 6-wk-old chickens, the above observations were confirmed: prior to transport 12.1% of the chickens harbored an average of 10(2.71) cfu per carcass, but after transport 56.0% of the chicken exteriors harbored an average of 10(5.15) cfu per carcass. The results of this study indicate that transport and holding prior to processing contributes to the Campylobacter spp. of > 10(4) cfu normally found on processed poultry carcasses.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Hatchery-acquired salmonellae in broiler chicks.

Hatchery contamination can result in exposure of newly hatched chicks to salmonellae at a time when they are most susceptible to colonization of their intestinal tract. Eggshell fragments, external rinses, and intestinal tracts from day-of-hatch chicks were sampled for salmonellae contamination. Chicks from the same hatching trays were then put in isolators or floor pens and fed a pelleted corn-soybean ration for 1 wk before external rinses and ceca from each chick were sampled for salmonellae. About 17% of eggshell, 21% of chick rinses, and 5% of intestines sampled at Day 0 were positive for salmonellae. No differences were observed between broiler hatcheries, but significant differences were seen between replications within hatching cabinets. Results from this study suggest a correlation between hatchery-acquired salmonellae and the production of potential seeder birds. No differences between eggshell and chick rinse samples were found (correlation = .81); therefore, eggshells are recommended as the best sample to determine hatchery salmonellae contamination.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1994

Prolonged suction drainage prevents serous wound discharge after cardiac surgery.

A series of 180 patients was randomised to two groups after median sternotomy performed for cardiac surgery in order to evaluate the effect of suction drainage on serous wound discharge. In group A all wounds were drained using two conventional mediastinal drains, while in group B one suction drain and one conventional mediastinal drain were employed. Five patients developed serous wound discharge in group B compared with 14 in group A (chi 2, P < 0.02). There were no significant differences between the rates of major wound infection (group A, n = 1; group B, n = 1) or the incidence of postoperative pericardial effusion assessed by echocardiography (group A, n = 10; group B, n = 5).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Increasing recycling in office environments: The effects of specific, informative cues.

We investigated the effects of prompts on the recycling behavior of approximately 217 faculty, staff, and graduate students in two academic departments of a large university. During the intervention, two signs were posted in each department. One sign prompted recycling (posted above the recycling receptacle), and the other sign prompted proper disposal of trash (posted above the trash receptacle). Results of a multiple baseline design across the two departments indicated that the sign prompt increased recycling behavior. Installation of the sign prompts in close proximity to receptacles in Department A resulted in a 54% improvement over baseline. Posting of sign prompts over containers 4 m apart in Department B resulted in a 17% improvement, whereas positioning the signs and receptacles in close proximity resulted in a 29% improvement over baseline.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Control of Salmonella and Campylobacter in poultry production. A summary of work at Russell Research Center.

The primary mission of the USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit is to develop technology preventing commensal intestinal colonization of chickens by human bacterial enteropathogens, including Salmonella and Campylobacter. The different mechanisms of colonization and the wide variety of sources of these pathogens combined with the different factors that affect host susceptibility to colonization indicate that a multifaceted research approach will be required to control Salmonella and Campylobacter during poultry production. The working hypothesis is that only by delivering chickens free of Salmonella or Campylobacter to the processing plant can significant reductions in the number and levels of contamination of chickens leaving the plant with these pathogens be achieved. As the means are developed to substantially reduce or eliminate the intestinal colonization of chickens by these pathogens, the pathogen-free chickens can be delivered to the processing plant, thereby eliminating or at least reducing the prevalence and levels of Salmonella on processed broilers.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Two-step mucosal competitive exclusion flora treatment to diminish salmonellae in commercial broiler chickens.

There is a need to control the intestinal colonization of broiler chickens by salmonellae in order to reduce the contamination of poultry products. A two-step treatment of broiler chicks with a mucosal competitive exclusion culture (MCE) was tested, in which the MCE was first sprayed on chicks in the hatchery followed by administration in the first drinking water. Three commercial flocks were treated and compared with parallel, untreated control flocks. Customary husbandry practices were employed. Environmental, hatchery, skin with feathers, and cecal samples were analyzed at 3 and 7 wk for the presence of salmonellae. Carcass rinse samples of fully processed birds were analyzed similarly. The results indicated that initial feed, water, and litter contamination was at a low frequency (< 10%). Eggshell fragments and chick paper pads were frequently contaminated (> 50%). After 3 wk growth, contamination of litter, skin with feathers, and ceca were significantly (P < .05) reduced in treated flocks as compared with control flocks. Salmonellae prevalence in ceca and in processed carcass rinses was also significantly (P < .05) reduced from 41% in control flocks to 10% in treated flocks. The study showed that treatment of chickens in a commercial setting with MCE cultures can serve as a useful means to reduce salmonellae contamination.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Location of Salmonella typhimurium during incubation and hatching of inoculated eggs.

Location of Salmonella during hatching of broiler chicks was studied in three experiments. Unincubated, fertile hatching eggs heated to 42 C were inoculated by immersion for 15 min in a 16 C physiological saline solution containing approximately 1 x 10(5) cfu/mL of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium. All eggs were sanitized externally by wiping with a paper towel wet with 70% ethanol. When incubating eggs were transferred to a hatcher, each was placed in a closed paper bag to minimize cross-contamination. Unhatched eggs were sampled by cutting away the shell over the air cell, sanitizing the inner air cell membrane with 70% ethanol, and removing the contents through the membrane. Shells and membranes were crushed and mixed in 10 mL buffered peptone (BP). Yolks were dissected out, dipped in 70% ethanol, and mixed with 10 mL BP. Embryos or chicks and all surrounding fluid were rinsed in 100 mL BP. A total of 172 eggs was sampled. Shells and membranes were 100% Salmonella-positive 30 min after inoculation, but only 38% were positive after 17 to 21 days of incubation. No chick rinses were positive before pipping, but 15% were positive after pipping. Yolk samples were 2% positive before pipping versus 8% after pipping. A majority of chicks hatching from positive shells and membranes were Salmonella-negative.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

An evaluation of a rinse procedure using sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide on the recovery of bacteria from broiler carcasses.

A patent entitled "Reduction of Bacteria Count on Poultry Being Processed into Food at a Poultry Processing Plant" (U.S. Patent No. 4,683,618) claimed that a three-step rinse process using sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide solutions would remove bacteria from the surface of broiler carcasses. In three replicate trials, 40 broilers were obtained postchill from a commercial processing plant. Broilers (n = 20) were treated according to the patent by spraying the inside and outside surfaces of each carcass with a 2% NaHCO3 solution for 5 s and rinsing with water, repeating, spraying with a 3% H2O2 solution for 5 s, and rinsing a final time with water. Controls (n = 20) were treated identically except that in each of the rinse steps tap water was used in place of the test solutions. Whole carcass rinses were conducted and total aerobic plate counts (TPC) and impedance detection times (DT) were determined after 1 h and 7 days at 4 C. The NaHCO3 + H2O2 treatment resulted in no significant difference in TPC at 1 h post-treatment but did result in lower TPC after 7 days and greater DT at both 1 h and 7 days. The procedure was effective in reducing the recovery of bacteria at 7 days post-treatment by .3 log10 but was not effective in removing the bacteria to the extent implied in the patient. Based on previous studies using H2O2, these results are not unexpected, but commercial applicability remains questionable based on actual reduction levels.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

Influence of coccidiosis on Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens under floor-pen conditions.

The influence of coccidiosis on colonization of Salmonella typhimurium in broiler chickens under floor pen conditions was studied by semiquantitative methods. Chickens of two groups, unmedicated and medicated with nicarbazin (125 ppm via the feed), were exposed to three species of Eimeria (Eimeria tenella, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria acervulina) at 2, 3, and 4 wk of age and given S. typhimurium in the feed 2 days later. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated most often (100%) from ceca of chickens exposed at 3 wk of age. Birds in the unmedicated group were positive for S. typhimurium at a higher rate than those in the medicated group. Salmonella typhimurium was detected in livers only in a few unmedicated birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Research note: in ovo administration of a competitive exclusion culture treatment to broiler embryos.

Exposure of chicks to salmonellae in the hatchery and hatchery environment limits the effectiveness of a competitive exclusion (CE) culture treatment. Therefore, in an attempt to apply treatment before chicks are exposed to salmonellae, the CE culture was introduced in ovo to unhatched embryos. An undefined, anaerobically grown CE culture, derived from cecal contents of healthy adult chickens, was diluted 1:1,000 or 1:1,000,000 and inoculated either into the air cell or beneath the inner air cell membrane of 17-day-old incubating hatching eggs. The treated chicks were more resistant than untreated chicks to varying challenge levels of Salmonella typhimurium, indicating that it may be possible to initiate protection of chicks to salmonellae challenge prior to hatching into a contaminated environment.

Animals↗