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Biomedical subjects

J Rodin

Publications and source records attributed to J Rodin.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Effects of fructose and glucose preloads on subsequent food intake.

To determine how the nutrient content of one eating event might affect amount consumed at the next, we evaluated whether equicaloric fructose and glucose preloads differentially influence subsequent food intake. Subjects consumed 50 g of glucose or fructose in 500 ml of water or water alone and were given a "buffet" containing a variety of foods two and a quarter hours later. Subjects in glucose conditions ate, on the average, 252 X 7 calories more than subjects in the water condition, who in turn ate, on the average, 225 X 9 calories more than subjects in the fructose condition. The fructose and glucose preloads did not differentially affect the amount eaten of different types of nutrients (carbohydrate, fat and protein). This study, employing several sensory and cognitive controls, suggests that type of nutrient ingested, in and of itself, plays a role in determining subsequent intake for humans. The data are discussed in terms of possible physiological mechanisms that might account for these effects.

Appetite↗
PubMed1987

Failure of genetically selected miniature swine to model NIDDM.

Ten young adult miniature swine from a line reported to be genetically selected for glucose intolerance and eight normal controls were obtained from Colorado State University. They were consecutively exposed to 4 mo of a high-fiber, low-fat standard swine diet; 4 mo of a high-sucrose, high-fat, low-fiber diabetogenic diet; and 4 mo of excess diabetogenic diet for obesification. Results of oral glucose tolerance and intravenous insulin tolerance tests conducted at the end of each regimen were compared. Hyperglycemia was not observed in any animals after any manipulation. Insulin sensitivity was also not influenced by diet. We conclude that F7 low-K miniature swine from this colony fail to model human non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Aging and health: effects of the sense of control.

The relation between health and a sense of control may grow stronger in old age. This could occur through three types of processes: experiences particularly relevant to control may increase markedly in old age; the association between control and some aspect of health may be altered by age; and age may influence the association between control and health-related behaviors or the seeking of medical care. Studies show that there are detrimental effects on the health of older people when their control of their activities is restricted; in contrast, interventions that enhance options for control by nursing home patients promote health. With increasing age, however, variability in preferred amounts of control also increases, and sometimes greater control over activities, circumstances, or health has negative consequences including stress, worry, and self-blame. Mechanisms mediating the control-health relation include feelings of stress, symptom labeling, changes in the neuroendocrine and immune systems, and behavior relevant to health maintenance.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1985

Effect of insulin and glucose on feeding behavior.

Four experimental groups of human subjects, in whom plasma glucose and insulin were independently raised or lowered, were tested for perceptions of hunger, taste, bodily state, and food intake. The data showed that hyperinsulinemia, unrelated to change in plasma glucose concentration, resulted in increased hunger, heightened palatability of sucrose or sweetness, and greater food intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Insulin levels, hunger, and food intake: an example of feedback loops in body weight regulation.

The paper reviews studies considering whether hyperinsulinemia, and its resultant effects on adipose tissue mass, can alter perceived hunger, taste, and food consumption. It also describes work addressing the reciprocal question of whether cues associated with food can affect insulin response. Specifically, four general categories of studies are presented. First, studies considering the causes and physiological consequences of chronic hyperinsulinemia are reviewed. Second, work investigating environmental and cognitive influences on insulin secretion are described. These show that high acute levels of insulin can be produced by simply seeing and thinking about food and that individuals showing this response show a greater tendency toward weight gain in a food-abundant environment. Third, studies are covered in which direct manipulations of insulin level, controlling for blood glucose, are performed. These experiments show that elevations in insulin produce increased hunger, heightened perceived pleasantness of sweet taste, and increased food intake. Finally, a study is described that considers how different insulin levels, produced by the type of food ingested, may affect subsequent food intake. Together, these studies show that "overeating" is caused by a complex feedback system of environmental, behavioral, and biological factors.

Appetite Regulation↗
PubMed1984

Motivation to control one's environment in individuals with obsessive-compulsive, depressive, and normal personality traits.

This study investigated whether people are motivated for control and considered both the dispositional and situational factors that affect this motivation. Thirty male and 30 female undergraduates, divided equally among individuals with obsessive-compulsive, depressive, and normal personality styles, were given different levels of information about how to exercise control in an effective manner. Motivation for control was assessed by performance on a task in which the level of performance determined whether a subject obtained control over an outcome. In addition, feelings of self-efficacy were measured. The hypothesis that people are motivated to have personal control was confirmed. Furthermore, this motivation for control could not be accounted for by the variance attributable to feelings of self-efficacy, that is, the expectancy of gaining a good outcome by having personal control. Although feelings of self-efficacy were influenced by the level of information provided to subjects, for most subjects, the motivation for control, per se, was not affected. In contrast, obsessive-compulsive males seemed to respond differently to the information manipulation from other subjects, being motivated for control only when a higher level of information was provided. The effects of depressive and obsessive-compulsive personality styles on the motivation for control were reconsidered.

Compulsive Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1983

Improved therapy with cisplatin regimens for patients with ovarian carcinoma (FIGO Stages III and IV) as measured by surgical end-staging (second-look operation).

Between 1974 and 1982, 273 patients with epithelial cancer of the ovary (International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Stages III and IV) were randomized in four therapeutic trials. In Trial I Adriamycin plus cisplatin versus cisplatin alone versus thiotepa plus methotrexate was tested. The superiority of Adriamycin plus cisplatin in producing the best response rate led to its use as the reference arm in subsequent trials. All investigational arms included cisplatin plus other drugs (cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, hexamethylmelamine, and thiotepa) in various combinations. Eligibility for second look required complete clinical remission and completion of at least 10 cycles of chemotherapy. To date, 73 second-look operations have been performed on randomized patients. An additional 43 nonrandomized patients underwent second-look procedures and are analyzed separately. Between 40% and 46% of patients treated with cisplatin regimens had no disease at second look. Cell differentiation and volume of postoperative disease did not influence response.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Effects of temperature on the perceived sweetness of sucrose.

The sweetness of sucrose depends on the temperature as well as the concentration of a solution. The main effect is that relatively low concentrations gain sweetness as temperature increases. This effect diminishes with progressively higher concentration and finally becomes negligible at about 0.5 M. At this concentration the various functions that relate perceived sweetness to concentration for various temperatures converge. The mechanism of the taste-temperature interaction is speculative, but the interaction is large enough to be of practical interest in the perception of common foods and beverages as well as a variable to be strictly controlled in taste experiments. An examination of method of tasting showed that swallowing stimuli did not substantially increase perceived sweetness.

Female↗
PubMed1982

Smoking and its effects on body weight and the systems of caloric regulation.

Cigarette smoking and excess body weight, each of which contributes to poor health and risk of death, appear themselves to be inversely related. Data indicate that smokers weigh less than nonsmokers and that weight gain occurs after the cessation of smoking. The popular wisdom is that this is due to differences in caloric intake: smokers weigh less because they consume less and they gain weight upon stopping smoking as a consequence of consuming more. Cross-sectional data on this point are conflicting, however, with some studies of daily caloric intake suggesting that smokers may, in fact, consume more calories per day than nonsmokers. In addition to affecting ingestive behavior, however, cigarette smoking has a variety of physiological effects that may play a more important role than amount of calories consumed per se in accounting for lower body weights among smokers and weight gain after cessation. Evidence regarding the effects of cigarette smoking and nicotine upon the behavioral, sensory and metabolic components of the processes of caloric regulation and nutrition is reviewed in order to suggest mechanisms by which smoking may affect weight. Longitudinal within-subject designs investigating changes associated with the cessation and initiation of smoking are recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Social and immediate environmental influences on food selection.

The current environmental stimuli that may often override biological regulation as influences on food selection are considered, eg time of day, food availability, convenience and variety of foods, the media, conditions of eating a meal, emotions. Schachter's hypothesis that overweight people are more responsive to external stimuli than leaner peers is examined and new work to test the theory is reported.

Animals↗