Frontal lobe dementia of non-Alzheimer type.
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Aged↗
Biomedical subjects
J Risberg
Publications and source records attributed to J Risberg.
Regional cerebral blood flow in depression and mania.
Forty-three depressed inpatients, referred for electroconvulsive therapy, and 30 manic patients were examined with clinical ratings and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) determinations. The depressed patients were mainly medication free, while most of the manic patients were medicated. Both patient groups showed a normal cerebral blood flow level and regional distribution compared with age- and sex-matched normal controls. In the depressed group and especially in the unipolar subgroup, a significant positive relationship was found between the mean rCBF and symptoms of depression and cognitive dysfunction. Eighteen of the depressed and 18 of the manic patients were reexamined in a euthymic state following treatment and recovery. Only minor and statistically nonsignificant flow changes were found in connection with the clinical improvement. In the manic patients, a significant negative relationship was found between neuroleptic dosage and rCBF.
Adult↗
Regional cerebral blood flow during alcoholic blackout.
Regional cerebral blood flow was measured during alcoholic blackout in a 61-year-old man with a blood-alcohol level of 0.38%. The mean flow level was found to be elevated by about 30-60% compared to repeated studies during long-term abstinence. The regional pattern did not change greatly. Increases of mean regional cerebral blood flow have previously been reported during social drinking and in Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome. A common disturbance of subcortical activation systems is hypothesized.
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder↗
High resolution regional cerebral blood flow measurements in psychiatric disorders.
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Alzheimer Disease↗
Normalization of rCBF pattern in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
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Aged↗
Regional cerebral blood flow characteristics and variations with age in resting normal subjects.
Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured during resting in 97 normal subjects, 19-68 years old. The results showed that the mean CBF level decreased progressively with age. The decrease was more prominent in frontotemporal and inferior Rolandic areas bilaterally. Frontal areas showed the highest values in all age groups. This hyperfrontality weakened somewhat with age. Mean CBF in the right hemisphere was significantly higher than in the left, as was flow in superior frontal, inferior frontal, and parietal areas. These asymmetries were age invariant. The age-related decrease of rCBF is interpreted as reflecting aging of the brain per se, although the influence of asymptomatic brain disease can not be ruled out. The flow asymmetries are interpreted as being related to functional lateralization of some aspects of attentional activation.
Adult↗
Regional cerebral blood flow at the time of diagnosis of chronic toxic encephalopathy induced by organic-solvent exposure and after the cessation of exposure.
Regional cerebral blood flow was measured in patients with the diagnosis of chronic toxic encephalopathy induced by exposure to organic solvents. Measurements were made at the time of diagnosis and 24-84 months after the cessation of exposure. During the follow-up the patients were carefully examined for other possible causes of brain dysfunction. Comparisons were made to unexposed and solvent-exposed referents. At the first examination the patients had a 7% lower mean flow level than the unexposed referents and a 5% lower level than the exposed workers. The largest flow differences were seen in the frontotemporal areas. At the follow-up, the difference in the mean flow level between the patients and referents was no longer significant. Regionally, the flow had increased, especially in areas which initially showed the most pronounced decreases. There was a significant negative correlation between the initial cerebral blood flow level and the degree of normalization of the flow level at follow-up.
Adult↗
Pyritinol treatment of SDAT patients: evaluation by psychiatric and neurological examination, psychometric testing and rCBF measurements.
A group of 26 patients with the diagnosis of Senile Dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT) was included by random assignment in a double-blind, cross-over trial of pyritinol versus placebo. The patients had a mild to moderate degree of dementia. Psychiatric and neurological examination, psychometric testing, and measurement of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) at rest and during mental activation were used to assess treatment effects. The results of the study showed that pyritinol was associated with a significant improvement in cognitive performance. RCBF data showed that treatment with pyritinol normalized the pattern of blood flow increase during activation and improved the score on the test used for activation.
Aged↗
Sex differences in regional cerebral blood flow.
Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by the 133-xenon inhalation method during resting in 38 healthy men and 38 healthy women matched pairwise for age in the range 18-72 years. The results showed 11% higher global flow level in the women in all ages. A similar and significant regression of flow by age was seen for both sexes. The regional flow distribution also showed some sex-related differences. Frontal regions showed an asymmetry in the men with higher values on the right side. The female flows were more symmetric. As a hypothesis, it is suggested that the higher flow level in women may be a systemic phenomenon. In fact, other authors have found a higher cardiac index in females. The sex differences in regional flow pattern might be due to differences in the functional organization of the cortex and/or to differences in the mental processes of the "resting" state.
Adolescent↗
Effect of 5 bar oxygen on cardiac output and organ blood flow in conscious rats.
The distribution of cardiac output (CO) was studied in conscious rats during hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure to 5 bar for 60 min. Heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (ABP) were continuously recorded. Organ blood flow and CO were measured during control, after 5 and 60 min HBO by the microsphere method. Arterial acid-base balance was measured both during control and HBO. During HBO the animals remained calm and seemed unstressed with no sign of convulsions. The arterial pH remained at control level, whereas PCO2 and HCO3 fell (P less than 0.05). The systolic ABP increased gradually during HBO, while the mean ABP was unchanged. HR started to fall at 1 bar O2 (P less than 0.05), fell markedly during compression (P less than 0.02), and remained below control level during the HBO. After atropine was given, HR increased to predive control in all animals. CO fell by 25% due to increased total peripheral vascular resistance of 27%. Blood flow to most organs fell correspondingly to CO, indicating an equally distributed vasoconstriction. Unchanged blood flow was found in the kidneys, the adrenals, and the liver. Blood flow to the right and left heart ventricles fell significantly more than the average reduction of CO. Calculation of a pump work index of the heart by the product of systolic ABP and HR showed unchanged performance, while the blood flow to the left ventricle fell by 50%, which suggests insufficient O2 supply.
Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
[Alzheimer's disease--the most common cause of severe dementia].
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Aged↗
Changes in psychiatric symptoms related to EEG and cerebral blood flow following electroconvulsive therapy in depression.
Changes in psychiatric symptoms following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were related to alterations in global EEG and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in 21 in-patients suffering from depression. They were examined by clinical ratings, EEG, and CBF immediately before and 1 to 3 h after treatments during an ECT series and at follow-up. Four symptom clusters from a factor analysis of symptoms in depression, representing different dimensions of emotion, cognition, and psychomotor retardation, were used for clinical description. The changes in the separate symptom clusters showed different patterns and also different correlations with neurophysiological (EEG and CBF) changes during the course of serial ECT. Furthermore, acute clinical and neurophysiological effects following single ECT's were found to be different from non-acute changes, building up during the treatment course. Acute relief in symptoms of anxiety, depressed mood, and psychomotor retardation correlated with an acute slowing of the EEG. Regarding non-acute effects a reversed relationship was found, i.e. improvement in symptoms of depressed mood and psychomotor retardation was related to less EEG slowing. As opposed to the acute clinical changes, the non-acute changes, found following the first two or three treatments of a series, contained predictive information about the individual clinical outcome of the patients.
Aged↗
Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on EEG and cerebral blood flow in depression.
Changes in global EEG and global cerebral blood flow (CBF) and their relationship following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were studied in 21 depressed in-patients, examined before and after treatment during an ECT series and at follow-up. Two patterns of ECT action could be discerned: acute changes related to single ECT's. The effects on CBF were more marked at the beginning of the ECT series, while the EEG slowing became more pronounced towards the end; non-acute accumulating ECT effects which were insignificant for CBF, whereas the EEG slowing increased progressively during the ECT series. Thus acute and non-acute effects of ECT on EEG and CBF follow different patterns indicating independent seizure effects. They showed a different time course and few correlations were found, suggesting that CBF is more linked to cortical changes while EEG is probably more related to activity in deeper, subcortical structures.
Adult↗
Intravenous physostigmine treatment of Alzheimer's disease evaluated by psychometric testing, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurement, and EEG.
Ten patients with Alzheimer's disease were treated with intravenous infusion of physostigmine for 2 h. The acute effects on cognitive function, regional cerebral blood flow, and EEG were compared to placebo (isotonic glucose) using a double-blind cross-over design. Physostigmine causes a limited improvement of psychomotor performance and EEG and an increase of blood flow in the most severely affected cortical areas, predominantly in an early phase of Alzheimer's disease.
Aged↗
Frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type. III. Regional cerebral blood flow.
Results from measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by 133Xe inhalation are presented for neuropathologically proven cases of frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type, Pick's disease, Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt-Jakob's diseases with frontal predominance and one case of bilateral thalamic infarction. The pathological and neuropsychiatric findings in these cases were described in the preceding articles. rCBF-data were available in nine patients with the diagnosis of frontal lobe degeneration of non-Alzheimer type and in all four patients with Pick's disease. All 13 patients showed a pathologic flow pattern with focally reduced values in frontal, especially pre-frontal, areas of both hemispheres. The most pronounced focal pathology was seen in the Pick group. Post-central areas were typically better preserved. Two cases of Alzheimer's disease with frontal accentuation had, in addition to low frontal values, also a parietal focal reduction. Frontal flows were also reduced in two cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease while the hypofrontality fluctuated from one study to another in the case of thalamic infarcts. The extent and localization of cerebral dysfunction in patients with organic dementing disorders, including those affecting the frontal lobes, can thus be described by means of rCBF measurements. Previous studies have shown about 90% accuracy of diagnosis by rCBF compared to diagnosis at autopsy. The possibility for exact localization of the dysfunction has recently been improved by the development of a high-resolution system (254 detectors). Results from the first recordings with this system are presented.
Aged↗
The effect of beta 1-adrenoceptor blockade on cardiac output and organ blood flow in conscious rats.
The acute effects of the beta 1-adrenoceptor inhibition by atenolol were investigated on conscious rats. Cardiac output and organ blood flow were measured by 15-microns radiolabelled microspheres during control and 20 min after administration of atenolol (1 mg/kg body wt). Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured continuously. Arterial blood gases and pH were determined immediately after the two microsphere injections and arterial blood samplings. The mean arterial blood pressure fell significantly shortly after the injection of atenolol and was reduced by 9% (p less than 0.02) after 20 min. Heart rate fell by 17% (p less than 0.05). The total peripheral vascular resistance increased by 25% (p less than 0.05). At the same time the arterial acid-base chemistry remained unaltered from the control. The cardiac output fell by 24% (p less than 0.05). Blood flow fell to all organs and tissues (0-67%) except to the brain, adrenals, liver, ears and diaphragm. The greatest decrease was seen in perfusion of the adipose tissue (67%) and of the spleen (60%), indicating that the blood flow to these organs are normally highly influenced by beta 1-adrenoceptor stimulation. The estimated work load of the heart was reduced by 20% which correlated well to a reduction of myocardial blood flow to the same degree.
Animals↗
Normalization of regional cerebral blood flow in alcoholics during the first 7 weeks of abstinence.
Twenty-two institutionalized alcoholics were studied after 1, 3, 5 and 7 weeks of abstinence with measurements of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), psychometric testing and clinical ratings. Twenty-two healthy volunteers served as age-matched controls. Mean rCBF was significantly reduced in the alcoholics at all measurements compared to the controls. The older alcoholics (median cut) showed a 9% increase of rCBF from the 1st to the 7th week (P less than 0.01). The mean rCBF in these alcoholics also increased more in the right than in the left hemisphere (P less than 0.05) during the investigation. The differences between the alcoholics and the controls were most pronounced in the right frontal lobe. The mean flow changes were correlated to improvement in clinical state. Right hemisphere and frontal lobe flow decreases were more accentuated in older alcoholics.
Adult↗
Regional cerebral blood flow in neuropsychology.
Measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) provide information about the metabolic and functional level of the cortex. Different techniques for measurement of rCBF are described and their potentials and limitations are outlined. Typical results from measurements in normals during performance of mental tasks are shown and as well as clinical measurements in patients with organic dementia. Future improvements of the techniques regarding spatial as well as temporal resolution are outlined. It is concluded that measurements of rCBF are likely to be of great value in the future exploration of brain-behaviour relationships.
Alzheimer Disease↗