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Biomedical subjects

J Rice

Publications and source records attributed to J Rice.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

The persistent risk of chronicity in recurrent episodes of nonbipolar major depressive disorder: a prospective follow-up.

The authors report on the course of illness in 101 patients who were in an episode (the "index episode") of major depressive disorder when they entered a clinical research study, recovered from that episode, and then relapsed into a new episode (the "first prospective episode") of the disorder. They found a 22% probability that these patients' first prospective episode would last at least 1 year, similar to the 21% rate of chronicity previously reported for the index episode. A long prior episode, older age, and low family income were found to predict chronicity in the first prospective episode.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Birth-cohort trends in rates of major depressive disorder among relatives of patients with affective disorder.

As part of the National Institute of Mental Health-Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression Clinical Study, 2,289 relatives of 523 probands with affective disorder were interviewed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and diagnosed for major depressive disorder by the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Data were analyzed using life-table and survival methods. The findings suggest a progressive increase in rates of depression in successive birth cohorts through the 20th century and an earlier age at onset of depression in each birth cohort. A predominance of female depressives was found in all birth cohorts but the magnitude of female-male differences fluctuated over the decades. The existence of these trends is reported to stimulate further research. These findings are discussed in terms of possible gene-environment interactions. However, no conclusive causal inferences can be drawn pending further investigation.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1985

Familial analysis of qualitative traits under multifactorial inheritance.

The analysis of family data is described for qualitative multifactorial traits. For such a trait, affectational status is determined by an underlying liability distribution with one or more thresholds. The distribution of families (either selected at random or through probands) is used to estimate sex-specific parent-offspring and sibling correlations in liability and the prevalence in each sex. In contrast to using pairs of relatives, this approach permits estimation of age-specific population prevalences without a control sample. Moreover, by allowing for sex-specific correlations and a correlation between mates, path analysis can be used to model and test various cultural transmission models in addition to polygenic inheritance. Parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, and a goodness-of-fit test for path analytic models are described, and a computer program implementing these procedures is outlined.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Alcoholism in antisocial and nonantisocial men with unipolar major depression.

Men with primary and secondary unipolar major depression were divided into those with and without antisocial personality (ASP). The ASP depressives had a higher rate of alcoholism than the nonASP depressives, and among the nonASP depressives, those with drug abuse had a higher rate of alcoholism than those without drug abuse. The course of depression appeared to be related to the presence of nonaffective psychopathology. Depressed men with additional nonaffective disorders had fewer, but larger episodes than depressed men without, and depressed men with alcoholism had a higher risk of suicide. Our results confirm the close association of alcoholism and ASP and highlight the importance of recognizing nonaffective syndromes in the depressed patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Association of alcoholism with antisocial personality in urban men.

The association of alcoholism with antisocial personality is important from a research and a therapeutic standpoint. In a sample of urban black men, it was found that those with antisocial personality had a higher rate of alcoholism than those without. In addition, a family history of problem drinking, low educational level, and excessive irritability were also closely associated with alcoholism. The clinical, genetic, and neurophysiological implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Cyclophilin: a specific cytosolic binding protein for cyclosporin A.

Cyclophilin, a specific cytosolic binding protein responsible for the concentration of the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A by lymphoid cells, was purified to homogeneity from bovine thymocytes. Cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography resolved a major and minor cyclophilin species that bind cyclosporin A with a dissociation constant of about 2 X 10(-7) moles per liter and specific activities of 77 and 67 micrograms per milligram of protein, respectively. Both cyclophilin species have an apparent molecular weight of 15,000, an isoelectric point of 9.6, and nearly identical amino acid compositions. A portion of the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the major species was determined. The cyclosporin A-binding activity of cyclophilin is sulfhydryl dependent, unstable at 56 degrees C and at pH 4 or 9.5, and sensitive to trypsin but not to chymotrypsin digestion. Cyclophilin specifically binds a series of cyclosporin analogs in proportion to their activity in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Isolation of cyclophilin from the cytosol of thymocytes suggests that the immunosuppressive activity of cyclosporin A is mediated by an intracellular mechanism, not by a membrane-associated mechanism.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Prenatal diagnosis of asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia.

A fetus at risk for asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia was studied with ultrasound examination at 16, 18, and 23 weeks of pregnancy. Definite shortness of fetal femora was observed. Radiographic and histologic examinations after pregnancy termination confirmed the diagnosis. Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia appears to be one of an increasing number of skeletal dysplasias that can be diagnosed prenatally with ultrasound.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1984

Sex-related differences in depression. Familial evidence.

After a description of threshold models of familial transmission based on an underlying continuous liability distribution, family data from the NIMH-CRB Collaborative Psychobiology of Depression Program-Clinical are described. No sex differences are found for bipolar illness, whereas female relatives have an increased rate of primary unipolar illness when compared to male relatives. This effect persists when relatives are classified according to recurrence, current illness, onset within the last 10 years, and treatment. Moreover, a cohort effect is present in the data and indicates a sex ratio close to one in the young cohort (less than or equal to 25). We considered the transmission of illness from parent to offspring by using survival analysis to examine the proportion of ill brothers and sisters of probands according to the affection status of parents. A maternal effect is found, with the mother having a greater influence on the liability of offspring of either sex. This is at odds with the notion that males and females have identical liabilities, but females have a lower threshold reflecting acknowledgement of more symptoms, etc. However, the mean difference in liability between the sexes may be due to systematic biological/cultural differences, with parental transmission contributing to variation about their means.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1984

Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity: evidence for a single major locus.

Monoamine oxidase (MAO), a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the degradation of biogenic amines, has been associated with psychiatric morbidity. Although twin and family studies have indicated that MAO activity is familial, the exact mode of transmission is unclear. We performed segregation analysis on 154 nuclear families containing 419 individuals using the mixed model, which allows for a single major locus with a polygenic background. We were able to reject a dominant and additive locus with or without a heritable background and a recessive locus without background. The acceptable models were: (1) a codominant model without background where the mean of the heterozygote distribution was 30% of the distance from the low to the high homozygote distributions, and (2) a recessive locus with heritable background. In both cases, the gene frequency for the high-MAO allele is approximately .25--at odds with suggestions that low-MAO represents a genetic marker for a disorder such as schizophrenia with a lifetime risk of only 0.85%. To ensure that results were not artifacts from a familial, skewed distribution, the data were also analyzed after power transformation. In addition, hypotheses were tested using both the joint and conditional likelihoods to examine for possible misspecification of the model with respect to intergenerational differences. Finally, we allowed for non-Mendelian transmission probabilities to provide another class of alternatives against which to test the hypothesis of a major locus. All these approaches provided additional confirmation for the presence of a major locus segregating within these families.

Alleles↗
PubMed1983

Diagnostic interactions. Alcoholism and antisocial personality.

The association of alcoholism with other psychiatric disorders is important from both a research and a therapeutic point of view. In a medically hospitalized inpatient sample, we found a strong relationship between alcoholism and antisocial personality. Controlling for the overlap of diagnostic symptomatology, antisocial subjects still had a significantly higher prevalence of alcoholism than nonantisocial. The antisocial individual was more likely to be exposed to problem drinking, and once exposed, he tended to be more susceptible to developing the full alcoholism syndrome. Gender and a family history of problem drinking also predicted alcoholism. Characterological and neurophysiological correlates of antisocial personality and their relationship to problem drinking are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

A defense of path analysis in genetic epidemiology.

Contemporary models of multifactorial inheritance are described and justified from the perspective of their intended use in genetic epidemiology and their developmental sequence. Substantial empirical data and statistical theory support the practical adequacy of the assumptions of path analysis for most multifactorial traits that show vertical inheritance. The choice of scale for quantitative traits must be considered on an individual basis. From both biological and statistical perspectives, transformations of scale may be more appropriate for analysis than the measurements are themselves. Recent criticism of contemporary models and computational procedures is based on a caricature of path analysis rather than on the method as it is actually practiced. The utility of path analysis is primarily limited by an investigator's biological insight and analytical skill, not by the method's assumptions. Model-free descriptive statistics are inherently inadequate to characterize the stable and autonomous features of the underlying mechanisms that generate observable variation in multifactorial traits. In contrast, path analysis has led to remarkably stable estimates of structural parameters for a wide variety of important biological traits. While exploratory methods can be useful for preliminary data inspection, they cannot substitute for formal tests of hypotheses based on explicit, falsifiable models.

Genetics, Medical↗
PubMed1982

Reye's syndrome and medication use.

Ninety-seven Reye's syndrome (RS) cases in Ohio children with onsets from December 1978 through March 1980 were studied for medication use during their pre-RS illness. They were matched with 156 control subjects for age, race, sex, geographic location, time, and type of illness. Only the use of aspirin was reported by significantly more cases (97%, 94/97) than controls (71%, 110/156) during the pre-RS matched illness. Using a multiple logistic model to control for the presence of fever, headache, and sore throat statistically, the difference in aspirin use remained significant. Conversely, fewer cases (16%) took medications containing acetaminophen than controls (33%). In 87% of the cases receiving aspirin, their maximum daily dosage did not exceed recommended levels, but their doses were higher than those of controls receiving aspirin. No relationship was found between dosage and stage of RS encephalopathy.

Acetaminophen↗